The Major Threats of Tropical Forests Essay - 2200 Words

The Major Threats of Tropical Forests (Essay Sample) Content: The major threats of tropical forestsStudentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s name:Institutional affiliation:The major threats of tropical forestsAbstractOutline of the problemRainforests occur in areas of the tropics which usually have an annual rainfall of 100 to 200 cm or more a year, and where this rainfall occurs through most of the year. Most rainforests have some seasonal changes and in some cases this is quite marked, but they do not have long dry seasons and long wet seasons like tropical savannas and grasslands (Allaby and Garratt, 2006). There are three major regions of tropical rain forest. The largest, accounting for about 50% of the entire world's rainforests, is found in South and Central America. These forests are also the most diverse in terms of the number of species they hold. About 20% of rainforests are found in equatorial Africa. The remaining 30% are found in Southeastern Asia over a large area stretching from India and Sri Lanka through many countries, including Ma laysia, Indonesia, New Guinea and northern Australia. The majority of animal species found in these forests is the insects living in the forest canopy. Because the canopy is a difficult place to reach, these communities are very poorly studied and we still know very little about rainforest communities anywhere in the world. Rainforests are also among the most threatened of all the world's habitats. Tropical rain forests are, along with coral reefs, the most diverse communities of animals in the world. They also play a major role in regulating regional and global climates, are the source of most of the world's greatest river systems, and have great potential for sustainable development (Chazdon and Whitmore, 2002). However, destruction of tropical forests is a continuing problem, making a major contribution to the loss of global biodiversity, and also has major implications for sustainable land use, economic development and human welfare in tropical countries.This research aims at re ducing the adverse effects of natural calamities to the tropical forests. It will also try to minimize the deforestation activities by humankind. Deforestation is one of the major causes of global warming, which is leading to the climatic changes witnessed today in he world at large (Spray and Moran, 2006). The atmosphere is currently overloaded with carbon dioxide, which in turn traps heat and steadily raises the earthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s temperatures. This carbon dioxide comes from burning of fossil fuels and the loss of forests through deforestation. Global warming is one of the major causes of the droughts witnessed in recent years. The ever increasing human population has subjected the tropical forests to risks of extinction. The demand for food, timber, paper, fuel, land for settlement and agriculture has of late led to extinction of worlds indigenous trees. These trees act as windbreakers and as a result attract rainfall.Statement of the problemTropical forests are at high threats, mainly natural threats and those of mankind. Natural threats include natural fires, drought and tropical storms. Natural fires result from volcanic activities. The volcanic eruptions cause lava flows which sometimes burn large tracts of forests. These fires burn ground vegetation, shrubs, saplings, and small trees and sometimes the larger canopy species. The fire, adversely clears the forest base and feebler trees. Drought affects the forests by weakening them to a state where it becomes susceptible to fire outbreaks and diseases. Storms cause extensive damages to the forests through the falling of trees (Laurance, 2006). When the huge trees fall, dozens of the neighboring trees attached by "lianas" are also brought down with it.Human activities are the greatest cause of destruction of the tropical forests. Most of the deforestation activities of humankind are as a result of economic forces. Human activities leading to deforestation are the expanding pulp, paper and oil palm indus tries, logging, mining, cattle ranching, pollution, hunting and poaching, firewood collection and clearing of land for settlement and agriculture. These human activities trigger droughts which also affect the forests severely(Laurance, 2006).Possible solutions to the problem include carrying out campaigns to educate people about the negative effects resulting from deforestation. This campaign would seek to promote reforestation and afforestation. People living near the rain forests should be encouraged to harvest its bounty nuts, fruits and medicines rather than clearing it. Another solution is encouraging people to use gas energy for fuel to reduce tree cutting and air pollution. These among other possible solutions would curb the problem, reducing influence of global warming.Graphical IllustrationsFire Outbreaks clearing forests.LoggingPoaching activitiesCattle RanchingAbbreviationsRIL (Reduced Impact Logging)IntroductionTropical forests are threatened by both natural and human ac tivities today. Natural activities include natural fires, drought and tropical storms. Natural fires may result from volcanic activities. Volcanic eruptions cause lava flows which burn large areas of forests. These fires burn ground vegetation, shrubs, saplings, and small trees and sometimes the larger canopy species. The fire, adversely clears the forest base and feebler trees. Lightening is also known to cause fires which may clear some vegetations in the tropical forests. Drought affects the forests by weakening them to a state where it becomes susceptible to fire outbreaks and diseases.Fire in a tropical forestIt causes the canopy plants weaken mainly by reducing humidity and rainfall. When the droughts are long, the leaf litter desiccates out, hence killing decomposing bacterias and also reducing the efficiency of nutrient recycling within the ecosystem. Storms cause extensive damages to the forests through the falling of trees. When the huge trees fall, dozens of the neighbor ing trees attached by "lianas" are also brought down with it. Large storms like hurricanes cause substantial damages to the tropical rain forest a recovery may take any years (Laurance,2006).Human activities are the greatest cause of destruction to the tropical forests. Most of the deforestation activities of humankind are as a result of economic forces. Human activities leading to deforestation are the expanding pulp, paper and oil palm industries, logging, mining, cattle ranching, pollution, hunting and poaching, firewood collection and clearing of land for settlement and agriculture. Wood industries promote development of short lived booms that encourage settlement. These industries attract enormous numbers of poor people seeking a better life, who clear the surrounding land for agriculture and livestock (Corlett and Primack, 2011). The forest resource is rapidly depleted and exhausted. The developers then abandon the degraded environment and move to other areas where the same repeatedLike any other environmental assets, the tropical rain forests are endangered by their openness to human destruction. The underlying cause of deforestation is the population growth, which highly rely on forest lands for sustenance and increasing the demand for the products made from the resources of the forests.Evidence and AnalysisMore than half of the rain forest in the world have lost to human demand for wood and agricultural land. Tropical forests covered over fourteen percent of the land on the earth, but currently only covers about six percent. If deforestation continues, these precious habitats will disappear in the next few years to come (Hester and Harrison, 2007).Deforestation accounts for twenty percent of the human induced greenhouse emissions gas each and every year, compromising biodiversity and livelihood and affecting the climate. Tropical forests have an important role in sequestering and storing carbon, thus they reduce the greenhouse gas emissions (Turner, 1996).A government climatology institution proposes that, by the end twenty first century, the Arctic might turn into ice-free during summertime indicating of a faster rate of deterioration.This study surveyed international revised sciences over the preceding three years. The findings will be fed into the Intergovernmental Board on Climate Change assessment of the year 2013.New considerate science suggests the global impact will be almost the same, but in some circumstances, like the danger of methane discharge from wetlands and permafrost melting, we now reckon that the risks are more (Allaby and Garratt, 2006)..There is a restrained probability of the Atlantic conveyor ocean current, which warms northern Europe decelerating, driving temperatures down in the area (Corlett and Primack, 2011). This will cause augmented loss of Greenland and west Antarctic ice sheets, suggesting that once that ice goes, it might not be able to be recovered. The ice-sheet breakdown is unlikely to b e disastrous, with losses happening at diverse speeds.The prodigious Bornean fires of 1982-83, devastated over 9 million acres of forest in Kalimantan in Indonesia. Research has recently established that more than half of the Amazon rainforest is in jeopardy of burning during thrilling droughts. Research by scientists has revealed that climate change may worsen the state of droughts in the Amazon. In the year 2005, accretion of warm sea-waters in the tropical Atlantic geared a record hurricane season at the same time reducing moisture to the Amazon. These conditions are likely to worsen as the global temperatures keep on rising (Macdonald and Willis, 2013). A research conducted in the year 2005 recommend that sea temperatures in the tropical Atlantic is likely to prevail as the currents normally carrying warm water from the equatorial regions to Arctic continue to weaken (Laurance, 2006). Acco...

The Hypothesis Of Cognitive And Literacy Tests At A Young Age

Abstract This study sought to test the hypothesis that Cognitive and Literacy tests at a young age could predict possible learning difficulties in the future. Four tests were taken by 34 participants at the age of 4 followed by a reading test at the age of 7. These results were then analysed in random samples to take into account possible variability. The hypothesis of the study was supported on the most part with the exception of one test which still had a relationship, however limited. Overall this study shows there is a significant relationship between these tests and future reading ability with a possibility, after further research, to help assess the likelihood of learning difficulties later in life. Dyslexia; a learning disorder marked by the inability to recognise and comprehend written and/or spoken word. This crippling disability affects approximately 10% of the Australian population (Dyslexia in Australia. 2014). Low performance on cognitive and literacy tests at an early age has been shown to be a significant predictor of the possibility of future problems and disabilities such as Dyslexia (Gallagher, A., Frith, U., Snowling, M. J., 2003). Reading age deficiency is the difference between Reading age and Chronological age. Comparing a child’s reading ability to their chronological age in relation to other children and the ‘normal’ reading ability at the same age can alert health practitioners to potential problems that can be addressed before they become aShow MoreRelatedAge Has An Effect On Second Language940 Words   |  4 Pagesdegree to which age has an effect on Second Language (L2) speech learning, particularly child-adult differences in L2 phonol ogy acquisition and cross-cultural language similarity.The article has been divided into two parts. In the first section, the article explores two models of teaching and learning, namely, the Critical Period (CP) and Interaction Hypothesis (IH). 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Reflecting On The Course Of Whiles Spending Time - 867 Words

Reflecting on the Course Whiles spending time in thought, our minds often wonder and contemplate all sorts of memorable experiences – good or bad. If we apply structure to our thoughts, we can synthesize ideas and set goals by remembering where we came from, understanding where we are, and committing to where we know we want to be (RUCK). When I apply RUCK two things quickly come to mind; 5E Model and leadership. In effectively engaging students to new ideas, the 5E Model provides a systematic process to improve understanding and self-development. The explore and explain phases of the model develop students and set the conditions for a much deeper and richer learning process, while lending them the ability to extend their newly learned skills through application. Furthermore, without a fundamentally sound leader to guide students through the 5E Model process, the desired results would be less attainable. At any rate, Dr. Duffy’s leadership attributes extend well be yond the classroom. 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My Personal Career Plan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 512 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/03/11 Category Career Essay Level High school Tags: Career Plan Essay Did you like this example? Database from the Engineers Board of Kenya Database from the Engineers Board of Kenya shows that there are 1,848 registered professional engineers, 393 registered consulting engineers and 12,130 graduate engineers. This highlights the critical need for capacity building and knowledge transfer to the younger generation of professionals in the engineering practice with requisite skills to develop well trained personnel to successfully manage the sector. I aim to be a registered professional engineer within the next three years, thus, facilitate and provide experiential training to graduate engineers on road design, construction, rehabilitation, maintenance, and contract administration aspects of projects through mentorship and supervisory roles.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "My Personal Career Plan" essay for you Create order The skills will also be applicable in increasing mobility and enhancing connectivity between resources, processing points and terminal markets especially in Kenya’s Expansion of Roads Programme aimed to construct and rehabilitate national and county roads network. This will go a long way in achieving sustainable national development through adequately trained professionals. There is demand to research and develop cost effective road construction and maintenance alternatives to the traditional methods and materials. Kenya is one of the countries identified by DFID funded African Community Access Programme (AfCAP) to deliver safe and sustainable access to rural communities through developing new design standards for low volume sealed roads. The skills acquired from my proposed study would equip me with the ability to promote uptake and update of research findings amongst road practitioners, collaborate and partner in transport research within the region and innovate home grown solutions for our local pavements. This will lay the foundation for deliberate efforts and cost effective operations in developing improved designs and standards for road construction and maintenance to support the country’s socio economic development. According to Economic Survey 2018, road projects across the country have breached ideal cost ceilings. I aspire to serve an advisory role to the national government on key urban transport issues and in developing policy recommendations. This will involve undertaking research and formulating policy alternatives. My first objective would be developing an urban form framework that encourages the use of public transport and non-motorised modes of travel which will have the effect of reducing reliance on personal motor vehicles. This will reduce congestion and vehicle emissions as we integrate sustainable development goal (SDG). My second objective would be creating a shift towards transit oriented development that integrates land use and transport planning through development around public transport stations and terminals. This will involve working with senior officials from concerned agencies and departments to create a unified transport and land use plan for metropolitan areas. The UK will be funding the development of Lamu Port city master plan bringing in urban planners, environmental experts and infrastructure planners. I hope to be among the team working on the cities that will benefit from the Ksh 8 billion modernisation fund. Conclusion Ultimately, I desire to be in charge of implementing road policies in relation to national roads and planning the development and maintenance of national roads. This would be highly relevant to Kenya as we are undergoing massive infrastructural development for achievement of Kenya’s development blueprint Vision 2030.

Why Are Professors Liberal, And Why Do Conservatives Care

Why are professors liberal, and why do conservatives care? This question has been dancing in the background of American academia for decades, and yet almost no one has acknowledged its significance. People from all positions on the political spectrum seem to have accepted this reality to some extent, but what does it mean for education today? Neil Gross conducted a series of research experiments over the course of seven years, discovering the bases for this claim and the implications it holds for educators and students. His publication of Why Are Professors Liberal and Why Do Conservatives Care? offers an in-depth examination and analysis of professional politics on college-campuses, giving its readers a new answer to an old question.†¦show more content†¦Gross and a colleague of his, Solon Simmons, enacted a study to update previously conducted research to modern standards (pp. 34-41). They examined preferences, values, and historical tendencies. The results led to Grossâ⠂¬â„¢s creation of the â€Å"political identity† approach for academics that he relies on throughout the remainder of his book (p.39). He found the majority of professors, in reality, did identify with the left side of the political spectrum. However, this taxonomy can be further broken down. Marxists, progressives, and centrist-democrats all account for the larger label of â€Å"democrat,† with most of them belonging to the progressive category. This liberalism, by American standards, is more lenient toward change and social equality. Why does this liberal concentration exist and what does it mean for students? These questions are inspected from outside perspectives in the second chapter. Researchers proposed four main hypotheses to clarify these circumstances. Pierre Bourdieu studied Parisian school faculties, concluding that their political tendencies were dependent upon their position class structure (p.69). While this had some weight in Europe, American politics w ere not so easily explained. Next, Steven Brint examined that perhaps the large amount of time spent in upper-level education institutions by professors leads to their liberalism (p.79). There was much empirical support for this claim until it was understood that people do not becomeShow MoreRelatedU.s. Immigration And Border Security1007 Words   |  5 PagesKiana Thiesfeld Professor June Trudel Political Science 102 9 July 2015 U.S. Immigration; Border Security This research will address U.S. immigration, specifically border security. I will evaluate liberal and conservative views on this issue and then present my own ideas. The main view for liberals on border security is to pardon those who enter the U.S. illegally, including undocumented immigrants. 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Is Speaking the Most Difficult Skill Free Essays

Is speaking the most difficult skill? In my opinion it is hard to say. It depends on the age of the speaker, his level of English, how long is he learning and also what kind of English does he operates (possess). There is a big difference between a student of a university where he is studying English and a person (e. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Speaking the Most Difficult Skill? or any similar topic only for you Order Now g. at the same age) who knows English from some courses. So that is why I am not sure about question whether is speaking the most difficult skill. From my own experience I would say that speaking is maybe at the same level as listening. But I think that listening is little bit more difficult than speaking because when you are speaking, you have some time to thing about the vocabulary, to choose the right word and what is the most important, if you are not able to find the right word (or you do not know how to say it in English) you can use circumlocution, describe the word but also the listener can help you in some way. Whereas in listening there are not so many possibilities how to understand the meaning. There are not so many ways how to help yourself. Mr. Brown says that ,,spoken language does indeed contain a good deal of redundancy, it also has many reduced forms†¦Ã¢â‚¬  That is why (in my opinion) is listening more difficult. Person who is on the elementary or intermediate level is not able to understand reduced forms in the stream of sounds (speech) like I’ll /ail/, you’d /youd/ etc. He does not understand what does â€Å"ail† mean. He knows only â€Å"I will†. But when speaker say ,,I will† not â€Å"I’ll† there is no mistake. Another example why speaking is not the most difficult (while listening is) is because of ,,the rephrasings, repetitions, elaborations and little insertions of ? I mean? and ? you know? etc. † (Brown). This means that using of these â€Å"empty† phrases is not obligatory for the speaker. Of course the speech is more natural by using these phrases. On the other hand, these â€Å"empty† phrases may cause to listener-beginner some problems in understanding although sometimes they can help to be fixed (oriented) in given information. There is also another reason why listening is more difficult that speaking. Let us take the speed of the speech. Many people who were abroad (Great Britain, USA†¦) say that they had problems with listening comprehension for first one or two months. Every native has his own speed of speaking (which is sometimes quite fast) and I am not speaking about dialect or accent. Person who is listening to native can have problems to catch some word or even meaning. But in speaking it is easier. It does not matter which kind of speed you are speaking or which kind of accent do you have. Native or non-native will understand what are you talking about At the end I would say that the most important is that we can not separate listening from speaking and speaking from listening. Both are difficult (more than reading and writing) but according to my opinion and my experience, speaking is not the most difficult skill. I think that listening is the most difficult. How to cite Is Speaking the Most Difficult Skill?, Essay examples

Ectasy And Addiction Essay Example For Students

Ectasy And Addiction Essay Club Drugs: Ecstasy In developing prevention efforts that target young people, prevention managers must design strategies to counter the increasing use and widespread availability of the club drug Ecstasy. Known as the party drug, Ecstasy is both a stimulant and a hallucinogen, and its effects are potentially life-threatening. Because it is inexpensive and easily accessible, Ecstasy is gaining in popularity. As reported in the Monitoring the Future Study (National Institute on Drug Abuse NIDA 1999), 3.6 percent of 12th graders, 3.3 percent of 10th graders, and 1.8 percent of 8th graders said they had used the drug in 1998. From 1991 through 1998, use by college students increased from 0.9 percent to 2.4 percent and by adults, from 0.8 percent to 2. 1 percent (NIDA, Facts About MDMA, 2000). What Is Ecstasy? Ecstasy is the street name for methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a chemical substance that combines methamphetamines with hallucinogenic properties. It is also known as X-TC, Adam, Clarity, and Lovers Speed. Like all club drugs, Ecstasy is a combination of other illicit drugs. Because many different recipes are used to make Ecstasy, the risk of death and permanent brain damage are heightened when some substances are combined. It is available in tablet, capsule, or powder form; some manufacturers of the drug package it in capsules or generic tablets to imitate prescription drugs. The average cost is between $7 and $30 per pill. Among the variations of the drug is a new substance, Herbal Ecstasy, that is composed of ephedrine (ma huang) or pseudoephedrine and caffeine from the kola nut. Sold in tablet form, this drug may cause permanent brain damage and death (NIDA, Club Drugs: Just the Facts, 2000). What Side Effects Are Produced by Ecstasy? Ecstasys effects can last up to 24 hours. The drug produces immediate side effects, and somesuch as confusion, depression, sleep problems, anxiety, and paranoiacan occur weeks after it is taken (NIDA, Community Drug Alert Bulletin on Club Drugs, 2000). Because Ecstasy alters serotonin levels in the brain, researchers have found that chronic use can lead to long-term or permanent damage to those parts of the brain critical to thought, memory, and pleasure (NIDA, Facts About MDMA, 2000). Psychological Effects Psychological effects are confusion, depression, sleep problems, severe anxiety and paranoia, euphoria, enhanced mental and emotional clarity, hallucinations, sensations of lightness and floating, depression, paranoid thinking, and violent, irrational behavior. Physical Effects Physical effects are muscle tension, involuntary teeth clenching, nausea, blurred vision, faintness, chills/sweating, dehydration, hypertension, loss of control over voluntary body movements, tremors, reduced appetite, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke, seizure, and malignant hyperthermia (increase in body temperature).