Analysis Of Arthur Nadel s Mini Madoff Ponzi Scheme

Arthur Nadel’s mini Madoff Ponzi scheme. Nikolay Solovyev Keiser University White Collar and Economic Crime CCJ4644 Ph.D. Vincent Giordano April 24, 2017 Abstract Identify and discuss a white collar case of your choice (note ENRON and your environmental case cannot be used). Discuss the history of the case. Who was harmed? What was the resolution and the long lasting effect of the crime? Discuss what you feel should be done to prevent this crime from occurring again. Arthur Nadel’s mini Madoff Ponzi scheme. I have decided to do my final paper on Arthur Nadel, who was known as mini-Madoff Ponzi scheme artist, also known as the wizard of Sarasota. Due to his ties to the State of Florida and Pinellas County and most†¦show more content†¦2). Before going to jail, Nadel made comment why he did what he did, and pretty much blamed it all in has past. â€Å"He described a Depression-era childhood, raised by age 8 by a single mother who later committed suicide; his first wife’s miscarriage and loss of baby who lived just hours; a 20-year law career ended in disbarment’ and an initially modest day-trading operation that veered out of control† (Hielscher, 2010, para. 2). Before actually going to jail, Arthur Nadel, left numerous letters to his wife on what to do in the event he goes to jail, how to take care of herself financially, if she had to, she could sell their Subaru. Investors People affected by Nadel scam. Most importantly, it effected Mr. Nadel and his immediate family, and his partner. Before going to jail Mr. Nadel starts developing heart problem and eventually died in jail while serving his sentence. Approximately 371 investors reported losses to include major company like Wells Fargo. Even some of his close friends and colleagues invested money in his scam. Denis Raefield, who was Mace Security International INC, reportedly lost 2.2 million dollars. Louis Paolino of Mace Security lost 5.8 million of personal funds in Viking Funds; and David Waters, a neighbor of Nadel, invested and lost $15 million dollars. Other notable business that invested and consequently lost a large amount of money: Venice Jet

The True Story About College Term Paper Writing That the Experts Dont Want You to Hear

The True Story About College Term Paper Writing That the Experts Don't Want You to Hear Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for College Term Paper Writing An objective viewpoint Many individuals discover that it's incredibly tough to write about themselves, particularly highlighting their most compelling expert experience, qualifications and abilities. You can rely on the ideal essay help online. In case you have any questions, you can get in touch with our friendly support team night and day and get immediate assistance. Understanding how to compose a research question isn't just reflective of very good writing abilities but how students can think in research provisions. There's no difference whether you need to compose a term paper on Math or English. Generally, there are several reasons to purchase college term paper. To compose a college term paper of a great quality might be very costly occasionally. Term paper help enables students to understand that there's a whole lot of work and time which goes into preparing a term paper. Now you can get genuine college essay online, one that is going to fit your financial plan and get your work done also. Work is performed under various Subjects each headed by means of a Referee. In looking at a certain web article you have found, start looking for information that aids with each part of your paper. What are you attempting to achieve with your website. So to start with you want to determine what the subject of your future website is. Narrowing down your website topic might be quite useful. There isn't any chance our client might have any problems connected with that phenomenon because all the papers are made on fresh ideas. Employing the net for finding sources and data about your research paper subject is a fantastic and effective method to do a great deal of your research. It is vital to cover all issues to reveal your knowledge. The actual men and women highly praise our essay help site. The 5-Minute Rule for College Term Paper Writing There are lots more subtle variations when writing a bibliography and the entire process of making a bibliography can be a minefield. Custom written especially for you're able to unlock a plagiarism detection software is just one of anti-plagiarism software, and popular forms of users to boost their data. The procedure is extremely straightforward. The program also supplies several languages for comparison purposes, in order for your plagiarism search gets even more effective. Reread your paper's principal point and support paragraphs to find out whether any extra facts are required to help your paper. Generic cover letters are a huge no-no, so make certain you find out! After you have selected your sources, be sure to document the crucial data to construct your bibliography based on the guidelines of your writing style. There's a quantity of powerful research paper topics for the most intriguing regions of investigation. College Term Paper Writing Features There are many ways about how to do research paper paraphrasing but the assistance of expert writers can be useful to help save you time and hassle. Ultimately, by paraphrasing you are going to be in a position to showcase your research paper is genuinely a critical portion of interest in your selected field. Our experts supply you with the writings of the maximum quality. It is very important that you paraphrase correctly as a way to avoid any plagiarism in your research paper. Who knew essay writing may be so tough. If you don't have time, you can purchase essays on Pro-Papers. At our essay support, essays are always delivered in a brief moment. A descriptive essay will concentrate on describing major points. There are a lot of writing styles that are applicable in a wide range of custom writing services. When used in an ideal context, technical language can help you communicate precisely with different specialists who possess precisely the same degree of expertise as your own. You must find out which style works best for you.

Strategic Information Systems

Question: Discuss about theStrategic Information Systems. Answer: Introduction and Overview of Accounting Software Industry: The significance and usage of accounting softwares in Australia is widespread. Either the small enterprises or large a multinational business firms, each of them has adopted various accounting softwares for maintaining the inventory and accounts of the company in a regular and accurate manner. The development and distribution of accounting softwares in Australia have significantly changed from the last few decades. Since the development and increase in technology, the usage of computerized accounting softwares and packages has devastatingly increased. Various companies providing the accounting softwares are now competing with each other for obtaining a higher market share and a healthy public image. There are some amazing features which the accounting softwares come with nowadays (Papulova Papulova, 2006). Inventory Management: The most important feature that is provided by the accounting softwares is inventory management. These softwares keep a track of the products or services details. From the production to the distribution everything about the product is stored and managed in the system. The raw materials, the equipments and tools, the machineries, the sales information everything is managed profoundly in this system and is easy to access (Muoz Strotmeyer, 2010). Time Tracking and Billing System: The products and services are billable and the billing regarding the purchases and sales made is done efficiently in the system. The system shows the calculations and expenditures made on several materials used for the production and development. Payroll Management Payroll is an extensively huge part of any company. Payroll system has a lot to manage from the employee details to the payment details (Leng Parlar, 2009). The manual payroll was used in the previous eras but some computerized system was needed through which the details can be managed in a systematic manner. Data of huge companies which has numerous workers and employees has to be managed delicately and this can be done by using the accounting softwares. The accounting softwares are very useful for huge companies as the data to be managed in these companies is also very huge and unmanageable. After the usage of such high end accounting softwares the companies are able to manage its accounts and inventories with ease and simplicity. History of Accounting Softwares in Australia: The accounting softwares started in the 1955 which was developed by a privately owned company for an electronic appliance factory. The softwares at that time were huge time consuming processes in which the transactions (Jones, 2009). These softwares were quite cumbersome and needed some development (Lee et al, 2008). With the development in technology, the softwares started getting equipped with tools with some rules and programming languages. The designs made by using the programming languages were quite efficient and were proven useful in speeding the accounting process. The first language was developed by IBM where the relational databases were formed and the computers did store structured data and the accessibility of data became much easy. In 1973, a revolution named SAP occurred which gave a product line of modular systems which were capable of performing computations very smoothly. The aim was to develop systems which were easy to store data, access data and solve the huge com putations and store the data in a sequential and sorted manner. In 1981, Peachtree offered the first integrated office suite in which a word processor, an excel sheet were included. Intuit got establishes in 1983 when it launches its Quicken application which gave the company a huge market share and a new dimension and methodology to develop accounting softwares. Now the need was to prepare better user interface and a smooth and attractive design. This kind of software was developed by Teleware Inc which was quite innovative and unique in terms of its GUI and features. Nowadays accounting softwares like tally are widely used and are filled with amazing features which can be needed by ideal accounting software (Issa-Salwe et al, 2010). From the sales, purchases, transactions, inventories to the assets, liabilities etc, everything is contained in these softwares along with attractive GUI and easy operations. Spreadsheets or excel was a huge invention in terms of accounting softwares but had a lot of issues and operational defects due to which the need of new softwares did arise. The needed features were missing but along with time, the additional features were added and improved to serve the customers with all the facilities and features they needed in the accounting softwares (Reddy Satyanayan, 2009). Current Market Leaders and Market Share: Currently there are three huge players in the Australian accounting software industry which are Xero, Intuit and MYOB which consumes most of the market share of Australia. Xero alone consumes 65% of the market share of the accounting softwares in Australia while intuit has 20% share and the rest is occupied by the other companies (Singh Kaur, 2012). Accounting softwares has not been limited to the inventory and account management but it has now grown till providing cloud based accounting which facilitates huge data storage which would help in managing the accounts of the company very well. Xero is basically a New Zealand based company which has turned to be an Australian giant for accounting softwares which has around 400,000 customers all over the world and $240 billion transactions and 95 million of invoices. Intuit is a US based company which has achieved great success in Australia by adopting new methodologies like automated information extraction from bills and made the process of entering data into the accounting softwares easy. MYOB is has a turnover of $27 billion and is in a race to compete with the well established companies in the market. This company secures and has more revenues than intuit and xero. The cloud methodologies like SaaS has been [preferred by the companies to provide more flexible and required services by the customers (Akram, 2011). Competitive Advantage: As seen above there are three companies which mostly occupy the entire market share of Australian accounting software market. Xero, Intuit and MYOB are the huge companies providing accounting softwares to the small and large multinational companies. In order to compete and sustain in the market, the companies come up with new strategies and innovative features (Heidarkhani, 2013). The competition is not only healthy and beneficial for the customers where they can get the most efficient and high end softwares but this competition Is also very beneficial for the company itself as they grow in terms of developing new and effective softwares. In order to serve the customers with best products, the companies rigorously follow strategies and plans to achieve the targets and result into innovative and outstanding results. The companies, with the aim of getting huge market share and standing out from the rival companies work hard and develop new products constantly (Akram, 2011). As a result , the market gets enriched with latest, high end products and accounting softwares which are immensely beneficial for the companies. The workload of the companies gets easy and manageable and as a result, the companies too are able to provide quicker and efficient services to the customers. Thus the competitive advantage is not limited to the companies but also to the customers and the other companies. Challenges and Issues: The Australian market of accounting softwares is turning its face towards cloud based accounting where the people are able to access their data while travelling, sitting at the home or roaming anywhere. This methodology comes with numerous benefits but also has some disadvantages and issues. The cloud based services uses internet and the login system it can be very risky as if you disclose your password to anyone or the password is hacked, it can lead to adverse situations. The accounting softwares are used in small and large companies. The data of the companies are very important to manage. If the data gets leaked, the company can be subjected to face dangerous situations. The information of millions of people can be lost and in danger. Also if the software is not able to perform efficiently, it could cause data loss which would hugely affect the inventory of the company (Akram, 2011). Inventory is a huge and vital part of any company. The company can get bankrupt if the inventory is not managed properly. Thus is the softwares are missing some data and features, it can lead to some unrecoverable circumstances. Also the usage of wrong softwares for the company cannot be helpful for the company as per its requirements. Recommendations: The accounting software companies may provide softwares with various uses. The companies must select the softwares as per the requirement of the company (Gupta, 2011). The companies must select software from the trusted and branded company which provides value added services to the customers and has a concern for the data and information of the customers. The customers must also review the size and capacity of their company and the look forward to get the suitable software and packages from the developers. The companies also must check for the desired features which are essential for the company to achieve. The companies must select the providers which are hugely trusted in the market, provide affordable and reasonable prices to the customers, the providers which gives a huge after purchase support and the companies which are known for the amazing services it provides in the accounting software industry Invention (Machine Corporation, 2006). References: Akram, J. K.(2011). The Significance of Management Information Systems for Enhancing Strategic and Tactical Planning. Journal of Information Systems and Technology Management ISSN online: 1807-1775 2011; 8(2):459-470 DOI: 10.4301/S1807-17752011000200011. Alignment: Alignment of IS/IT with Business Strategy. JIPS, 6(1), 121-128. Gupta, C.L.P.(2011). Importance of Management Information System in Electronic- Information Era. S-JPSET: ISSN: 2229-7111, 2010, 1(2). Intel (2011), Intel IT performance report 2010-2011: Delivering Competitve Advantage through IT. Retrieved from https://www.intel.com/assets/pdf/general/intel_it_2011apr_english_standard.pdf Heidarkhani, A. (2013). The Role of Management Information Systems (MIS) in Decision-Making and Problems of its Implementation. Universal Journal of Management and Social Sciences. 2013, 3(3). Intelligence Unit, Oracle. Invention Machine Corporation (2006), Invention Machine: Samsung Saves 77 Million Dollars and Increases Market Share with New Innovative Designs for Optical CD/DVD Components. Retrieved from https://www.benkoltd.com/yazilimlar/kaynak/goldfire/CaseStudy_Samsung.pdf Issa-Salwe, A., Ahmed, M., Aloufi, K., Kabir, M. (2010). Strategic Information Systems Jones, T. (2009). IT and Sustainability: Bringing Best Practices to the Business. Economist Lee, O. K. D., Sambamurthy, V., Lim, K., Wei, K. K. (2008). IT-enabled organizational agility and sustainable competitive advantage. Vallabh and Lim, Kai and Wei, KK, IT-Enabled Leng, M., Parlar, M. (2009). Lead-time reduction in a two-level supply chain: Non-cooperative equilibria vs. coordination with a profit-sharing contract. International Journal of Production Economics, 118(2), 521-544. Muoz, F. M., Strotmeyer, K. C. (2010). Demystifying social media. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 47(1), 123-127. Organizational Agility and Sustainable Competitive Advantage. Papulova, E., Papulova, Z. (2006). Competitive strategy and competitive advantages of small and midsized manufacturing enterprises in Slovakia. E-Leader, Slovakia. Reddy G. Satyanayana, R. (2009). Management information system to help managers for providing decision making in an organization. International Journal of Reviews in Computing. Singh, K., Kaur, B. (2012). Role of Management Information System in Business: Opportunities and Challenges. Gian Jyoti E-Journal. 2012, 1(2).

Sifat Dzalim Awal Dari Bencana Essays - , Term Papers

Nama : Faza Saffana NPM : 130210180047 Kelas : FH 18 Sifat Dzalim Awal Dari Bencana Ke dzaliman terbesar adalah syirik, karena syirik itu menyekutukan Allah dengan sesuatu dan o ran g yang riya itu tidak akan diterima amalnya walaupun ia hafal Al-Qur'an dan ilmu agamanya sangat banyak tapi ia menjadi ahli neraka, karena sudah melakukan ke dzaliman yang sangat besar. Riya itu syirik karena menyekutukan Allah dengan penilaian makhluk. Contohnya harusnya ketika beramal itu adalah lillah karena Allah SWT bukan karena ingin dipuji oleh manusia yang lainnya atau mendapat penilaian yang baik dari manusia hal ini yang membuat Allah murka karena hak ibadah itu seharusnya hanya untuk Allah semata. Lawannya dzali m adalah adil, adil itu artinya menempatkan sesuatu terhadap tempat nya di jelaskan dalam Q.S Al-Maidah : 8 yaitu b erlaku adil karena adil lebih dekat kepada takwa dan bertakwalah kepada Allah sungguh Allah maha teliti terhadap apa yang kamu kerjakan. Karena adil adalah menempatkan sesuatu pada tematnya b erarti dzalim itu me nempatkan sesuatu tidak p ada tempatnya. S eharusnya di hati kita tauhid itu menuhankan Allah bukan menuhank an pangkat, pujian, popularitas, itu sudah dzalim oleh karena itu orang yang dzalim hidupnya tidak akan pernah bahagia dan tida k akan pernah mulia. Contoh k e dzaliman kepada Allah adalah menyekutukan Alla h, kepada rasulullah adalah tidak pernah mempelajari rasulullah padahal beliau berjuang untuk kita, contohnya kita tidak pernah bershalawat kepadanya. Kedzaliman itu akan mengakibatkan kerasnya hati. Adil kepada Al-Qur'an. Al-Qur'an itu di pahami dan di amalkan, karena orang yang sibuk membaca Al- Qur'an akan tercegah mulutnya dari perkata sia-sia apalagi dari maksiat. Adil kepada orang tua, orang tua menjadi jalan. Jalan terciptanya kita, jalan ilmu, jalan rizki, jalan pengalaman dan kasih sayang , oleh karena itu ada hak - hak orang tua yang harus di penuhi oleh anak. Anak yang jarang mendo'akan orang tuanya itu adalah anak yang dzalim karena terc iptanya kita itu oleh orang tua, tapi dia tidak pernah berdo'a untuk orang tuanya. Durhaka kepada orang tua akan membuat kita terpenjara oleh petaka karena ke dzaliman itu balasannya akan di dahulukan didunia ini. Contoh lain d zalim ke guru, dzalim ke anak, dzalim kepada orang - orang yang telah berbuat baik kepada kita . K arena selalu ada karunia Allah lewat teman, tetangga jangan sampai kita menjadi orang yang tidak tau balas budi. Karena orang yang tidak tau balas budi adalah orang yang kufur nikmat . Orang yang kufur nikmat itu adalah dzaliman. Kufur nikmat itu bisa mengundang azab yang pedih. Maka jika ada orang yang berbuat baik kepada kita minimal kita berterima kasih dan mendo'aknya. Jangan berbuat dzalim orang berbuat baik kita balas dengan ke burukan. Contoh lain kedzaliman kecil - kecilan yang jarang disadari contoh buang sampah sembarangan, merokok itu dzalim terhadap diri send iri dan mendzalimi orang l ain. Karena setiap kedzaliman itu ada balasannya, kebaikan aka n kembali kepada diri kita dan k eburukan juga akan kembali kepad a diri kita juga. Sekecil apapun yang kita lakukan Allah itu melihat, tidak ada yang luput dari pengetahuan Allah tidak ada yang lup ut dari pe nglihatan Allah dan tidak ada yang luput dari balasan Allah dan apapun yang berikan oleh tidak dapat di cegah oleh siapapun. Karena sesungguhnya tidak ada yang membahayakan diri kita kecuali keburukan ked z aliman kita sendiri. Termasuk do'a yang tidak ada penghalang adalah orang yang terdzalimi .

Barn Burning by William Faulkner essays

Barn Burning by William Faulkner essays Destruction by burning can be seen in more than one way in "Barn Burning" by William Faulkner. The most obvious act of burning down barns is an outward expression of Abner's inner turmoil for the life he bitterly hates. The impact of Abner's violence can be seen in Abner's family, especially Sarty as he comes to see the destruction his father causes. This paper will examine the impact of Abner's anger and how it effects his Abner's anger causes his son to feel distant from him. We can see how Sarty comes to realize this only as a grown man when we are told, "Later, twenty years later, he was to tell himself, `If I had said they wanted only truth, justice, he would have hit me again'" (477). We can also pull from the text that Abner is able to tolerate his landlords' insults because he knows he can always get even by burning a barn. It seems as though Abner experiences great pleasure of being able to determine the time and place of a burninggenerally after he has found another place for the family to live. The burning not only allows Abner to control his own anger; the burning allows him to control his landlord's reaction. Because he is burning down precious property, Abner almost guarantees his escape because the landlord will work to put out the fire than chase after Abner and his family. The fires Abner sets serve as reminders for his family as well as serving as a reminder for Abner to control his rage. Because the fires are so well controlled, they represent Abner's passion and energy. This result of this passion is Abner's one and only tool he has to wage war on his landlords. In fact, we are told it is, "the one weapon for the preservation of integrity, else breath were not worth the breathing, and hence to be regarded with respect and used with discretion" (476). Sarty spends most of the story trying to avoid reacting to his father's ...

Political Geography and Ownership of the Oceans

Political Geography and Ownership of the Oceans The control and ownership of the oceans has long been a controversial topic. Since ancient empires began to sail and trade over the seas, command of coastal areas has been important to governments. However, it wasnt until the twentieth century that countries began to come together to discuss a standardization of maritime boundaries. Surprisingly, the situation still has yet to be resolved. Making Up Their Own Limits From ancient times through the 1950s, countries established the limits of their jurisdiction at sea on their own. While most countries established a distance of three nautical miles, the borders varied between three and 12 nm. These territorial waters are considered part of a countrys jurisdiction, subject to all of the laws of the land of that country. From the 1930s to the 1950s, the world began to realize the value of mineral and oil resources under the oceans. Individual countries began to expand their claims to the ocean for economic development. In 1945, U.S. President Harry Truman claimed the entire continental shelf off the coast of the U.S. (which extends almost 200 nm off the Atlantic coast). In 1952, Chile, Peru, and Ecuador claimed a zone 200 nm from their shores. Standardization The international community realized that something needed to be done to standardize these borders. The first United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS I) met in 1958 to begin discussions on these and other oceanic issues. In 1960 UNCLOS II was held and in 1973 UNCLOS III took place. Following UNCLOS III, a treaty was developed that attempted to tackle the boundary issue. It specified that all coastal countries would have a 12 nm territorial sea and a 200 nm Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Each country would control the economic exploitation and environmental quality of their EEZ. Though the treaty has yet to be ratified, most countries are adhering to its guidelines and have begun to consider themselves ruler over a 200 nm domain. Martin Glassner reports that these territorial seas and EEZs occupy approximately one-third of the world ocean, leaving just two-thirds as high-seas and international waters. What Happens When Countries Are Very Close Together? When two countries lie closer than 400 nm apart (200nm EEZ 200nm EEZ), an EEZ boundary must be drawn between the countries. Countries closer than 24 nm apart draw a median line boundary between each others territorial waters. The UNCLOS protects the right of passage and even flight through (and over) narrow waterways known as chokepoints. What About Islands? Countries like France, which continues to control many small Pacific islands, now have millions of square miles in a potentially profitable ocean area under their control. One controversy over the EEZs has been to determine what constitutes enough of an island to have its own EEZ. The UNCLOS definition is that an island must remain above the water line during high water and may not just be rocks, and must also be habitable for humans. Theres still much to be hammered out regarding the political geography of the oceans but it seems that countries are following the recommendations of the 1982 treaty, which should limit most arguments over control of the sea.

Genetic Relations to Job Satisfaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Genetic Relations to Job Satisfaction - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that genetics can also be referred to as the genetic composition of an individual or group of people. In the past, genetics played a great role in breakthroughs as curing diseases, breeding better plants and animals basically under the realm of genetic engineering and even solving crimes in the field of forensic science. It has recently been discovered that job satisfaction is largely genetically determined. This has brought into focus several questions such as: â€Å"How true is it that the level of competence in a person is equal to that of the parent?†, â€Å"Should people be employed on the basis on their parents or siblings’ work record?† â€Å"Should companies do a genetic study on all its employees to determine their traits, characters, health and how these relate to their work capabilities?† This study highlights that at this point, it would be too early to come up with a probable conclusion. It is this questions that this paper seeks to provide answers to as we determine through previous research if, indeed, job satisfaction is genetic. According to a publication of The Bell Curve by Herrnstein and Murray, it is a known fact that genetic factors influence fundamental aspects of our human nature. Initially, it was debated that environmental factors played a basic role in job satisfaction, but scientific research has proven that the applicable environmental aspects emerge to be those not shared by individuals raised together. On the other hand, the Classical Twin Study proved that most behavioural characteristics are heritable. The Classical Twin experiment applied sets of monozygotic twins, raised separately, to examine for the reality of genetic power on job satisfaction. Research suggests that genetics has a role in the fundamental direct experiences of job fulfillment such as challenge or achievement.  

Animation Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Animation Critique - Essay Example Animation is a form of art in which a world of an energetic picture and sound may be incorporated entirely out of nothing except for an idea. The world of animation started emerging in the eyes of the general public before 1910. During the early days of animation, it was thought to be as labor intensive as many numerous drawings and paintings had to be made just to make a short few minute film. It took too many men and too much time just to make short films and was very hard as replicas of the same drawing had to be produced to bring in the motion effect in them. A very famous example of such hard work is of Winsor McCay. He was and still is known as the father of animated cartoons. MacCay was a fine hard working man and used to make his animations by himself alone. He did not use to ask for the help of the others and used to animate his films nearly single handedly by himself, from the foundation to the completion each cartoon was made by him and him alone (Crandol, n.pag) McCay was a fine animator and took his time to make his animations appear distinctive creative perspectives. He sometimes used to spend more than one year just to complete a five minute cartoon animation. This time duration was too long for the expanding viewers of the cinema world and thus the modern studios of animation came in to being. Walt Disney was the first animator in the whole world who added the effect of sound in his animations of Steamboat Willie in 1928. Later computerization changed the whole view of this industry. Toy Story that was released in 1995 was the first animated movie that was completely made on computers and this was done by the cooperation of Pixar Animation Studio and Walt Disney Animation Production (The Significance of Animation, n.pag). The production started at 1993 and the movie was released in November 1995 The movie was a hit

The Pentagon Papers Essay Example for Free

The Pentagon Papers Essay Introduction Publication of the Pentagon Papers by leading newspapers in June 1971 was an important incident in modern American history. The inside of the papers fueled the fires of antiwar movements at home and overseas; the release of the papers aggravated an extraordinary criminal prosecution of two American citizens; plus the reaction of the administration of President Richard M. Nixon to publication of the papers led eventually to the Watergate scandal as well as the first resignation of a president in American history. Frequently overlooked, though, is the fact that the trial of Daniel Ellsberg and Anthony Russo for photocopying the Pentagon Papers exposed the imperial and unruly side of the Nixon Administration, and this brought into sharp relief the quandary of government secrecy in a democratic polity. Never before had citizens been charged with a crime for disclosing apparently Top Secret information to the general public through the American press. Heretofore, with the exception of narrow fields of secrecy legislatively sanctioned by the Congress for instance certain atomic energy information, the keeping of secrets had been implicit to be an executive prerogative however not a statutorily vested authority. Once the cat was out of the bag, the press was free to make use of information. Nevertheless, the leaking of classified information had been, and still is, a very common practice. The principal restraint on the press was the capability of the president to influence the press not to publish information. Not like Britains prime minister and most other heads of state, who can protect secrets under an Official Secrets Act, the president possesses no statutory authority to obstruct press publication of classified information. Before the trial of Ellsberg and Russo, also, it was not usually alleged that the president could legally prosecute citizens for leaking classified information to the American press. Certainly, the threat pretense by such authority to informed debate in a democracy and to disclosures of governmental malfeasance made such executive authority almost improbable. In passing the Espionage Act of 1917, for instance, the Congress denied President Woodrow Wilsons requests for broad authority to control war information. Members of Congress intentionally restricted the scope of the law in order that it could not be used as an instrument for presidential censorship of the press. Over the years, the Congress has constantly refused to permit the executive branch to draw a statutory veil of secrecy around itself. The Nixon Administrations prosecution of Ellsberg and Russo, consequently, was a daring effort by an imperial executive branch to secure from the judicial branch a broad measure of power and authority long denied it by the legislative branch. However, the Congress sat by although the administration ingeniously fashioned extraordinary criminal charges out of novel interpretations of existing statutes covering conspiracy, theft, and intelligence. While the administration failed in its attempt to imprison Ellsberg and Russo, the unwillingness of the court to nullify the prosecution at the outset basically changed the regulations of executive secrecy in the United States by converting what had been a political game of hide-and-seek between presidents and the press into a potentially criminal game of cat-and-mouse. Therefore, the long-standing importance of the Pentagon Papersand the basic clash between secrecy and democracylay not so much in the unauthorized publication of the documents, however in the abuse of the Rule of Law by the administrationan abuse that has had the effect of hanging a judicial sword of Damocles above the heads of citizens who would reveal classified information to the public. Principal Events On Sunday, June 13, 1971, The New York Times started to publish excerpts from a U.S. Defense Department study marked Top Secret and entitled History of U.S. Decision-Making Processes on Vietnam Policy, widely recognized as the Pentagon Papers. The collection of documents had been assembled during Lyndon B. Johnsons administration at the request of then-Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara at first; President Nixon was not particularly disturbed by the publication of the papers. Their contents, after all, managed policy-making before his administration and were, consequently, probable to be embarrassing to the Democrats just before an election year. Though, the presidents national security adviser, Henry Kissinger, succeeded on the president to do something regarding this huge hemorrhage of state secrets. (Peter Schrag, 1974) On the evening of June 14, after two days of publication and after various White House consultations, Attorney General John Mitchell asked The New York Times to cease publishing excerpts from the Pentagon Papers. Mitchell stated that publication of the documents dishonored the Espionage Act. The Times refused to act in accordance with, saying, It is in the interest of the people of this country to be informed of the material contained in this series of articles. The U.S. Department of Justice got a temporary preventive order against The Times. The newspaper pleads to the U.S. Supreme Court on June 24. (David Rudenstine, 1996) At the same time as The Times was restrained from publishing excerpts from the Pentagon Papers, The Washington Post started to publish portions of the study. The Post distributed extracts to some 345 client publications through the Washington Post Los Angeles Times News Service. The Department of Justice got a temporary restraining order against The Post, and after that appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court when the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia ruled that The Post had a constitutional right to issue the material. Extracts from the Pentagon Papers were as well published by The Boston Globe, The Los Angeles Times, The St. Louis Post-Dispatch, The Christian Science Monitor, plus a number of further newspapers during June 22-29. The Department of Justice got a restraining order against The St. Louis Post-Dispatch on June 26. (Sanford Ungar, 1972) On that day, the U.S. Supreme Court heard public oral arguments from Solicitor General Erwin Griswold for the United States, Alexander Bickel for The Times, as well as William Glendon for The Post. In a swift and extraordinary thrive of activity, the Court rendered a 6-3 decision on June 30, and issued a short per curiam opinion for the Court, with justices Warren Burger, John Harlan, and Harry Blackmun rebellious. The decision was accompanied by nine opinions. The per curiam opinion held that the United States had not conquer the heavy constitutional presumption against prior restraint on the press. Justices Hugo Black and William Douglas took a virtually absolute view of a First Amendment prohibition of prior restraint on newspapers. Justices William Brennan, Thurgood Marshall, Potter Stewart, and Byron White recognized that there could be circumstances that would validate a prior restraint on press publication of national security information, however that such conditions were not present in this case. Chief Justice Burger objected to the unseemly haste with which the Court handled the cases. Justices Harlan and Blackmun as well objected to the frenzied train of events [that] took place in the name of the presumption against restraints created by the First Amendment. The dissenting justices thought that publication of the Pentagon Papers must have been delayed until an assessment could have been made of the papers potential consequence on national defense and security. (Peter Schrag, 1974) The New York Times and The Washington Post hailed the ruling as a conquest for freedom of the press, and resumed publication of excerpts of the Pentagon Papers on July 1. Even though the Nixon Administration had succeeded in temporarily imposing the first U.S. government prior restraint on newspapers in American history, an event that outdone even the Sedition Act of 1798, the effort to control leaks by judicially restraining the press did not stick. In the view of the administration, something else had to be done to defend executive prerogatives over the dissemination of information. The setback at the Supreme Court did not discourage the Nixon Administration from following criminal charges against Daniel Ellsberg. The White House had recognized Ellsberg as the person accountable for the Pentagon Papers leak almost instantly after publication of the documents. (Peter Schrag, 1974) Ellsberg was first accused on June 25, 1971. He surrendered to U.S. authorities in Boston on June 28. Not completely content with the strength of its case, though, the administration continued to look for incriminating proof, both legally and illegally, and to look at its prosecutorial options. Throughout the Labor Day holiday, members of the White House Plumbers unit burglarized the office of Ellsbergs psychiatrist in an effort to get information that may be used to damage Ellsbergs trustworthiness and cast doubt on his motives. (Daniel Ellsberg, 2002) On June 19, the FBI questioned Anthony J. Russo regarding his role in the release of the Pentagon Papers. Russo refused to answer FBI questions. On June 23, he was subpoenaed to give evidence before a federal grand jury in Los Angeles. In spite of a grant of immunity, Russo declined to testify unless his testimony could be made public. On August 16, he started serving a 47 day jail term for contempt of court. On October 1, U.S. District Court Judge Warren J. Ferguson released Russo from prison and ordered the government to offer Russo with a record of any testimony he might be needed to give to the grand jury. Assistant U.S. Attorney David R. Nissen held the order to be unlawful and refused to obey it. Russo once more declined to testify before the grand jury. On December 29, 1971, the grand jury issued a new, secret indictment in the Pentagon Papers case; one that added new charges aligned with Ellsberg and as well included criminal charges against Russo. (John Prados and Margaret Pratt Porter (eds.), 2004) The defendants were charged with 15 counts of criminal conduct, together with conspiracy, espionage, as well as conversion of government property (theft) for photocopying in 1969 substantial portions of the Pentagon Papers. In contradiction of a common belief, Ellsberg and Russo were not accused for giving the Pentagon Papers to any newspapers or for making the documents public by any means. They were accused for temporarily removing the Pentagon Papers from the premises of the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California, plus for photocopying the documents at an advertising agency owned by Russos friend, Lynda Sinay. Listed as unindicted coconspirators were Lynda Sinay and Vu Van Thai, a former South Vietnamese ambassador to the United States. Thai had clearly been present at one of the photocopying sessions. The charges against Ellsberg carried utmost penalties of 115 years imprisonment plus $120,000 in fines. Those against Russo carried maximum penalties of 35 years imprisonment and $40,000 in fines. Throughout the trial, though, U.S. District Court Judge William Matthew Byrne, Jr., directed an acquittal on one espionage count each against Ellsberg and Russo. (Daniel Ellsberg, 2002) There are numerous reasons for thinking that the trial of Ellsberg and Russo-popularly recognized as the Pentagon Papers Trialwas a case of selective prosecution undertaken for political reasons. For one, Ellsberg and Russo were the first citizens in American history to be criminally prosecuted for activities related with a leak of classified information to the public. Second, the leaking of classified information by public officials from the president to low-level subordinates had been, as it carries on to be, a common practice. Political warfare may not be the suitable term in this case; however even so, political warfare is a common motivation for leaking secrets, whether it is by presidents, national security advisers, or persons outside an administration. In addition, a full compilation of available documents was soon published by Beacon Press with the assistance of Senator Mike Gravel. (David Rudenstine, 1996) Third, no members of the press, who in fact published the documents, were accused by the government. Certainly, the condemnation of Ellsberg and Russo steered obvious of any probable collision with the press by limiting the supposed criminal behavior to the period of March 1969 to September 1970, a time period that ended more than nine months before the publication of the Pentagon Papers. Fourth, no effort was made to impeach other private citizens formerly associated with the Lyndon Johnson Administration who possessed copies of the Pentagon Papers, or portions thereof, and who debatably drew on those documents, directly or indirectly, for books, articles, and speeches. The accessible records of White House discussions of how to proceed against Ellsberg propose that the decision to prosecute was a political approach intended to make an instance of him. The administration wished to stem what it viewed as a rising tide of sensitive leaks by indirectly intimidating others who might consider disclosing information to the press. The main problem facing the administration was one of finding a statutory foundation for prosecution. To do so, the U.S. Department of Justice had to bring to bear on the case considerable creativity. All charges involved novel interpretations of standing statutes. The Pentagon Papers Trial started in Los Angeles on July 10, 1972, with selection of the jury. On July 24, Judge Byrne exposed that the government had filed a wiretap transcript of a conversation by a member of the defense staff, however ruled that the contents need not be disclosed for the reason that they did not bear on the case. The defense appealed the ruling to the U.S. Supreme Court. The trial was stayed until November 13, when the Supreme Court upheld the judges ruling. Instantly afterward, the trial was again stayed when the defense appealed for and got dismissal of the jury. Selection of a new jury started on January 8, 1973. (John Prados and Margaret Pratt Porter (eds.), 2004) On May 11, 1973, though, near the close of testimony, Judge Byrne dismissed all charges against Ellsberg and Russo, and affirmed a mistrial due to improper government conduct which affronted a sense of justice. Among other things, the White House Plumbers had burglarized the office of Ellsbergs psychiatrist in 1971; FBI wiretap transcripts of telephone conversations by Ellsberg in 1969-1970 had disappeared; on numerous occasions the government had failed to make a timely disclosure of exculpatory evidence; and presidential assistant John Ehrlichman had flown to Los Angeles in April to offer Judge Byrne the directorship of the FBI. A poll of the jurors after the mistrial indicated that most would likely have voted for acquittal if they had had the opportunity to decide the case. Conclusion The Pentagon Papers trial was a political trial in the classic sense. It was as well a prosecutorial attempt that conformed to the Nixon Administrations often extraordinary constitutional asserts to power and its offhand disregard for the Rule of Law. The decision to prosecute was a high-level one made by the president, plus the charges brought against Ellsberg and Russo symbolized a creative political construction of statutes intended to make a noncrime into a crime. The proof is in the pudding, so to speak. The concern of the Nixon Administration with leaks was so great that, besides the Pentagon Papers trial, it required to attain the same ends in its proposals to the Congress to reform the federal criminal code. All the legal issues rose in the Pentagon Papers trial and the creative constructions of statutes used to prosecute Ellsberg and Russo were contained in the administrations criminal code reform proposals. Those proposals, if passed, would have provided a firm base in criminal law for prosecuting persons for disclosing classified information to the public, and would have banned defendants from raising such questions as ownership of information and the propriety of any government classification of documents. Improper classification would have been no defense against criminal charges. The Congress rejected the presidents proposals, Nixon resigned from office, the imperial presidency came to an end, and the Vietnam War as well came to an shameful end two years later, however the issues raised in the Pentagon Papers trial have continued to haunt public life, affecting every administration since Nixon. For the reason that Judge Byrne elected to defer rulings on the substantive legal and constitutional issues until the end of the trial, the mistrial left all the issues judicially unresolved. Therefore, the possibility of prosecution continues to stand as a probable threat to citizens who disclose classified information to the general public, though any decision to prosecute, and the foundation for doing so in cases similar to the Pentagon Papers case, carries on to remain in the realm of politics rather than statutory law. The state of the law, as it now stands, neither permits nor prohibits a president from prosecuting persons who leak classified information to the American press. A key question for Americans, then, is whether the issues raised by the Pentagon Papers trial can be resolved legislatively or judicially. Even though it is usually recognized, as John Jay argued in The Federalist nearly 200 years ago, that executive secrecy is sometimes essential for the conduct of effective foreign policies, it is hard to reconcile in any precise way the practice of secrecy with the openness required for democratic policy-making. Legislative and judicial solutions would necessarily be flawed, and conceivably dangerous to democracy, since one cannot say in advance and thoroughly what sorts of information must be kept secret. Even authentically sensitive national security secrets might occasionally have to be exposed so as to root out malfeasance or otherwise protect the public good. Given that officials already err on the side of secrecy when they can get away with it, any further encouragement via legislation or judicial support may intensify the problem. The capability of presidents and their agents to protect secrets that are genuinely fundamental to the security of a democratic nation can easily be expanded to protect secrets that are very important merely to the power and interests of public officeholders. Therefore unless there is to be no secrecy, reconciliation of the need for secrecy with the prerequisites of democracy requires, in the final analysis, public-spirited officials who are capable and keen to exercise sound judgment footed on honest assessments of the national interest as determined by democratic processes. Such was not the case in 1971. References: Daniel Ellsberg. Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers; Viking Adult (October 10, 2002) David Rudenstine, The Day the Presses Stopped: A History of the Pentagon Papers Case. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1996 John Prados and Margaret Pratt Porter (eds.). INSIDE THE PENTAGON PAPERS, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004. Peter Schrag. Test of Loyalty: Daniel Ellsberg and The Rituals of Secret Government. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1974. Sanford Ungar, The Papers and the Papers (New York: Dutton, 1972).

Epic of Beowulf Essay - Prosody of Beowulf -- Epic Beowulf essays

Prosody of Beowulf  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The prosody of Beowulf is the art of Old English versification, made to be chanted orally, not read silently. Therefore it uses alliteration and accent to achieve the poetic effect which Modern English poetry achieves through the use of poetic feet, each having the same number of syllables and the same pattern of accent (Wilkie 1271). Theory on the prosody of Beowulf is evolving.    In the manuscript version of the poem, alliteration is employed in almost every line (or two half-lines); in most modern translations of the poem this is not so. In lines 4 and 5 of the poem we find:    Oft Scyld Scefing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   sceapena preatum monegum maegpum  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   meodo-setla ofteah    The repetition of the â€Å"s† sound in line 4 and of the â€Å"m† sound in line 5 illustrate alliteration, and this occurs throughout the poem, providing to the listener an aesthetic sense of   rightness or pleasure. In 1958 two language scholars, Lehmann nd Tabusa, produced an alphabetized list of every alliterated word in the poem. One translator, Kevin Crossley-Holland, in his rendition of the poem in Literature of the Western World, actually includes considerable alliteration (Wilkie 1271). The Old English poet would â€Å"tie† the two half-lines together by their stressed alliteration (Chickering 4). The first half-line is called the on-verse, which is followed by the off-verse. Each line of poetry ideally contains four principal stresses, two on each side of a strong medial caesura, or pause, and a variable number of less-heavily stressed or unstressed ones. â€Å"At least one of the two stressed words in the first half-line, and usually both of them, b egin with the same sound as t... ...ed by Joseph F. Tuso. New York, W.W.Norton and Co.: 1975.    Kiernan, Kevin S.. â€Å"The Legacy of Wiglaf,† In The Beowulf Reader, edited by Peter S. Baker. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000.    Magoun, Frances P. â€Å"Oral-Formulaic Character of Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poetry.†Ã‚   In TheBeowulf Poet, edited by Donald K. Fry. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.    Stockwell, Robert. P. and Donka Minkova. â€Å"Prosody† In A Beowulf Handbook, edited by Robert Bjork and John D. Niles. Lincoln, Nebraska: Uiversity of Nebraska Press, 1997.    Tharaud, Barry. â€Å"Anglo-Saxon Language and Traditions in Beowulf.† In Readings on Beowulf, edited by Stephen P. Thompson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press,1998.    Wilkie, Brian. â€Å"Beowulf.† Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984.   

A Single Tear

Paintings can have all sorts of meanings. Usually, painters use these pieces of art to express themselves on things they cannot normally do. Sometimes, it can also be a product of imagination. At times, they want to visualize a series of events into one artwork. These paintings turn out to be abstracts but along the lines and colors used, there is still a hidden meaning enclosed in them. This what makes paintings interesting and mysterious.The lithograph represents the typical Indian leader amidst struggles and tests of life. No matter how strong and determined a leader is, he still has his weak moments and the snow and wind symbolize the stumbling blocks. But no matter how difficult it may seem to be, the leader is always a leader and he must not let his fears bring him down.The Indian Chief showed his strength by leading his people in their exodus. Even if he is uncertain of what is about to come, he kept his people together and hand in hand, they are to face the challenges.Just by his name alone, I think Mr. Echohawk is an Indian himself. If not, he probably has strong affiliations with Native Americans. This Indian Chief which he portrayed intensely could be his ancestors. Maybe he learned of their story about the hard times undergone by the American Indians not so long ago.And since he was not there and could not be there, he imagined what might have taken place through this painting. Since it is difficult or impossible to describe through paintings the feelings of this Indian Chief, he used a single tear to speak for his emotions.The single tear that streamed from this warrior’s face signifies leadership. It does not mean that a good leader would not feel apprehensions anymore. Further, it does not mean it would make the Indian Chief less of a man if a tear drops from his face. Like a normal humanA Single Tear  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2being and any other leader, he feels scared too. But this Indian Chief is driven by willpower and fortitude to deliver his people to safety. The leader also felt fear but his responsibility to his people vanquished these feelings of doubt and insecurity to what the future holds.The single tear reveals the imperfection of the human race regardless of our color and tribe. By imperfection, it means that each person despite of his stature and position becomes fragile sometimes. The Indian Chief in the painting is experiencing vulnerability but he must live up to his dignity and sense of worth.As to his case, what urged him not to give up is for the sake of his people who look up to him being the person in command. If he surrenders, then his people would lose hope. His courage marks the fate of the American Indians.The single tear also denotes faith and hope. Faith in that after the storm, the sun will shine for the Indian Chief and his people. Faith that the snow and wind is only temporary and it will end somehow. Hope is a positive outlook from which they get their strength to surpass all these trials and hardships. Hope that a brighter life is in store for the native community.History tells us that the Native Americans have a rich past which upholds both their ups and downs. They acknowledged their victories and defeats and learned from these experiences which made them a stronger community despite chauvinism and discrimination from the whites. What is important for them is their unity and pride as a race of principled people.  Finally, I really view this painting by Mr. Echohawk as an emotional one. It portrays a mixture of passion and sentiment. I wish my readers can see this painting for themselves. Rest assured that anybody can definitely empathize with me. Just like any struggling race, the American Indians are trying their best to save their bloodline in the midst of globalization and modernity. This trait is the one I truly appreciate.

Chinese Schools Essay

Chinese schools have come a long way since the colonial days. Over the years and with the evolution of the national education system, Chinese schools have had to face countless threats to their survival. Despite this, Chinese schools have gained popularity and have enjoyed high enrolments, even among non-Chinese students. It has been reported that at least 10 percent of students studying in Chinese schools come from non-Chinese backgrounds. A number of factors contribute to this growing phenomenon. First, Chinese schoolteachers are well known for their high level of commitment. For this and other reasons, students from Chinese schools often excel in public examinations especially in Science and Mathematics. The other attraction of Chinese schools is that students are required to learn an additional language, Mandarin, which is a highly marketable skill in the job market. Chinese Education: A Historical Perspective The beginnings of Chinese education in Malaysia can be traced to the early nineteenth century. It was recorded that by 1815, there were already three Chinese schools in Malacca. One was founded by the London Missionary Society. With regard to the other two, sociologist Yang Qinghuang suggests that â€Å"at least one would be a school founded by the Hokkien people. † Scholar Zheng Liangshu suggests that some old-type Chinese schools might have existed in the Straits Settlements since the end of the eighteenth century. For a long time, Chinese schools in the Straits Settlements received neither help from the British government nor assistance from the government in China. Despite this, they thrived —funded mainly by clan and dialect associations. When faced with political and financial difficulties at the turn of the twentieth century, the Ching government of China changed its attitude towards overseas Chinese and began to promote Chinese education outside of China. It implemented educational reforms based on a proposal by Zhang Zidong. Following the reforms, the curriculum was revised to include Chinese Classical Literature, History, Geography, Mathematics, Moral Education, Physical Education and other optional subjects like Commerce and Drawing. In Malaya, Chung Hwa Confucian School in Penang not only adopted this new curriculum (it was the first to do so), it went further to include English as a subject. Support from the Ching government, however, was short lived. It ended with the fall of the dynasty. Chinese schools that attempted to run modern educational programmes (with a modern curriculum and incorporating English as a subject) faced enormous challenges. On the one hand, they were constantly in need of more funds. On the other hand, they lacked competent teachers. Furthermore, they had to compete with the more established English schools. Even so, there were five hundred Chinese schools with modern educational programmes established in Malaya and Singapore in 1920. By this time, textbooks for these schools had departed from the classical into the vernacular Chinese language (baihuawen). Because of their impressive growth, the British government decided that it could no longer afford to ignore Chinese schools. On 29 October 1920, it introduced the Regist ration of School Ordinance to restrict the activities of Chinese schools in the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States by way of registration and inspection. In 1935, control was further tightened: textbooks and teachers from China were prohibited. Only local materials and Malaysian-born teachers were allowed, and activities in Chinese schools came under strict scrutiny. Despite these challenges, Chinese education continued to thrive until it was suspended at the time of the Japanese Occupation of Malaya. After the war, Chinese schools resumed operation. By 1946, their number had ballooned to more than one thousand in Malaya. However, following the Barnes and Fenn-Wu Reports (June 1951) and the Education Ordinance 1952, Chinese education was exclude d from the national education system. The Chinese community rallied to form Jiao Zong (United Chinese School Teachers Association of Malaya, UCSTAM) and Dong Zong (United Chinese School Committees Association of Malaya, UCSCAN) to safeguard Chinese education. The Malayan Chinese Association (MCA) joined in. Its president then, Tun Tan Cheng Lock spoke these memorable lines, â€Å"†¦Chinese in Malaya †¦ should be given Chinese education †¦ The dialect or mother tongue can be likened to a person’s shadow, and is inseparable from the person himself/herself†¦ † (translated from Chinese). Efforts to safeguard Chinese education became even more difficult following the Razak Report in 1956 and the Education Ordinance in 1957. Thereafter, Chinese primary education was officially included in the national education system, classified as standard-type primary schools with Chinese language as the medium of instruction. However, Chinese secondary schools were excluded from the system when the Lower Certificate of Education examination (L. C. E) was introduced in English. This was not in accordance with the promise of fairness to other ethnic languages in the country as specified in the Razak Report. Furthermore, the Chinese community were horrified by the terms of reference in Paragraph 12 of the Razak Report: â€Å"†¦the ultimate objective of educational policy in this country must be to bring together the children of all races under a national education system in which the national language is the main medium of instruction. † Paragraph 12 was subsequently omitted following strong opposition from the Chinese community headed by Jiao Zong. Both the Rahman Talib Report (1961) and the Education Act (1961) reaffirmed the education policy as stated in the Education Ordinance 1957. Since government financial aid was vital to the survival of Chinese secondary schools, more than half of the 41 Chinese secondary schools then had little choice but to ‘convert’ itself into English medium national type secondary schools. On hindsight, many Chinese view this decision as a big mistake. The remaining 14 schools refused to give in, and have remained ‘independent’ to this day. The MCA facilitated this ‘conversion’ as it was satisfied with the verbal promises made by the Education Minister that â€Å"the government has no intention to exercise its authority granted under the Act to change Chinese primary schools to national schools† and that â€Å"Chinese schools are allowed to allocate one third of their curriculum for learning Mandarin and Chinese literature. † As a consequence of this concession made at the secondary school level, development of Chinese education in Malaysia was restricted thereafter to the primary school level. The New Education Act 1996 posed an even bigger threat. It threw into question the status of national-type schools that were not established under Section 28 of the new Act. In fact, prior to this during the initial stage of implementing the ‘3R system’ (Reading, Writing & Arithmetic) in 1980, Chinese schools had already been challenged to forgo their medium of instruction. Materials for learning all subjects except Mandarin were available only in Bahasa Melayu. In response, Dong Jiao Zong and various Chinese guilds and associations submitted a memorandum to voice their opposition to the Ministry of Education in 1981. The schools were given the assurance that the government had no intention of changing the character of Chinese schools. However in the ensuing years, Chinese schools were asked to consider the concept of ‘integrated schools’ (1985) and Vision Schools (proposed in 1995, implemented in 2000), in addition to the latest â€Å"2-4-3† resolution that sought to introduce the teaching of Mathematics and Science in English (proposed in 2002, implemented in 2003). Despite these challenges, Chinese schools seek to maintain emphasis on the â€Å"Five Aspects of Formal Education in Confucianism (Wuyu Jiaoyu)† namely, moral (de), intellectual (zhi), physical (ti), social (qun ) and aesthetic ( ei) education. Until today, Chinese schools m continue to value discipline, respect for the elderly, courtesy, personal character and morality, rather than marketable skills such as computer literacy, Mathematics and Science. Some Reflections How does the development of Chinese education affect the church community i Malaysia?n Should we stake our claims to citizenry and defend our right to be educated in our own (mother tongue) language? What about racial integration? Is it possible to promote Chinese education without further polarising the different communities? First, we have a moral basis for defending Chinese education. Being given the choice and having the opportunity to be educated in one’s own language is a universal human right according to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948. Chinese education ha s existed in this country since the nineteenth century. As such, I believe we ought to defend the right of its existence in the same way as we would for the education of other ethnic communities in their own languages. Second, there is value in the Chinese school culture that is worth speaking up for. Even though outsiders might consider the Chinese community uncompromising in its stand with regard to educational issues, it must be pointed out that it is not just about safeguarding the Chinese language but it is also about retaining the ideals of holistic education. Furthermore, Chinese schools have a tradition of nurturing dedicated schoolteachers, and the Christian community should be at the forefront to encourage this culture of service and excellence. In the past, many of them have had to pay a high price for their conviction and dedication by becoming ‘martyrs’: Zhuang Xiquan, Chen Taomin and others were deported for opposing the Registration of School Ordinance 1920; Lim Lian Geok and Yen Yuan Chang were deprived of citizenship in 1961; Lim Huang Sheng and Sim Mow Yu were jailed under the Internal Security Act in 1987. Chinese education aids evangelistic work among the Chinese community. It provides students with a better understanding of the Chinese culture. Whereas in the past, the content of Chinese education was often influenced by traditional beliefs and practices, the Chinese education system today is more open to intellectual discourse on rethinking and repositioning the Chinese identity. The main grouse against Chinese schools is the lack of racial integration since students come from predominantly one ethnic background. The question we must ask is, is this acceptable or healthy in a multi-ethnic society like Malaysia? Most advocates for Chinese education would argue that it is less than ideal but what choice do they have? If national schools were to adopt a more holistic philosophy, and their teachers showed a more credible record in terms of commitment and disciplining of students, and if they provided students with the opportunity to study their own languages, racial integration would be less of an issue and Chinese students would be more evenly distributed between national and Chinese schools. Despite this obvious shortcoming related to racial integration, I still advocate Chinese education for what it offers. Clearly, through its holistic philosophy and track record, it has produced many responsible citizens through the years. Chinese education continues to play a significant role in nation-building and church life in Malaysia. Florence Kuek lectures Mandarin at Universiti Teknologi Mara.

Shapes and Texture Essay Example

Shapes and Texture Essay Example Shapes and Texture Essay Shapes and Texture Essay Roman copy after an original Greek fresco of c. 300 b. c. Mosaic, 106. ? 201. in. (271 ? 512 cm). Also known as the â€Å"Alexander Mosaic†. In 2D, actual textures are found in collages which may glue on a surface real objects such as newspaper clippings, tickets, cloth, coins as elements of the composition. Girl with a Mandolin Pablo PicassoTexture from the artist’s handling of paint and brush Impressionist and Expressionist paintings possess an immediate physical presence that invites TOUCH. Alfred Sisley, Bridge at Villeneuve-la-Garenne Vincent Van Gogh, The Red Vineyard TEXTURE IN 3D Actual texture can be found in the natural quality of the medium. The sculptor may also choose to enhance or to modify the original qualities of the material. Praxiteles enhanced the marble medium which he polished to a high sheen, giving the marble a sensuous glow to simulate the texture of the skin. Hermes bearing the infant Dionysus French sculptor Auguste Rodin turned away fro m the classical â€Å"finish† and cultivated a rough and lively surface to the effect the interplay of light on the sculptural form. He often leaves a part of the work unfinished for the viewer to complete in his or her imagination. The Walking Man T’ang potters (618906) usually leave the lower section of their jars unglazed to bring out the contrast between the glazed area and the even neutral biscuit of the body. Two traditions can be distinguished in the study of textures in art. – Ideal of the finished surface.Long dominant tradition of placing value on smooth, lustrous textures that are associated with costly materials accessible to the elite, such as different kinds of marble, gold, precious silks. – Zen aesthetics of Asian art. The zen concept of sabi (the values of rustic unpretentiousness of archaic imperfection, apparent simplicity of effortlessness in execution) The ideal of the â€Å"finished† surface The European beaux arts academi es strengthened the old tradition by formulating a hierarchy of materials in art. Marble was the most favored material in sculpture. Oil on canvas for painting. Donatello, â€Å"David† Only works in these media could be considered for salon competitions, and those in other materials were not deemed to merit serious consideration. Raphael’s Marriage of the Virgin The ideal of imperfection Sabi literally means â€Å"loneliness† or â€Å"solitude† In Zen aesthetics, irregularities of form, imperfections of glaze, slight damages and scars, and a certain air of incompleteness show that â€Å"beauty is not captive to perfection† CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES TO TEXTURE Modernist artists (Impressionists, Cubists and Futurists) reacted to the structures of the academy. They released art from the obligatory conventions of medium and opened endless artistic possibilities in terms of new materials and textures, as well as techniques producing textures. Fuma ge in which the paper is darkened or smoked with soot from a flame. Wolfgang Paalen’s fumage One can create art from all kinds of materials and textures, that the artist does well to respect and appreciate the natural beauty of materials derived from the living environment. It is best to work with locally available materials to convey the character of the natural and social setting.SHAPES Shapes are twodimensional or threedimensional. Two-dimensional shapes exist as planes having length and width. Three-dimensional shapes possess length, width, and volume. Classification of Shapes Geometric (rectilinear or curvilinear) Biomorphic Free inventions – As signifiers, their meanings are often derived from cultural codes and symbolic systems. GEOMETRIC SHAPES Rectilinear Angular geometric shapes Made up of straight lines and angles Generally hard, firm and more cerebral, unemotional, impersonal than curvilinear shapes. Definite, measurable, predictable, masculine in character. Basis of stability of the universe. In symbolism, the cube stands for the earth or the material world of the four elements. It also symbolizes unyielding structures, whether reason or law. The broader its base the more stable. Small base = sense of precariousness and danger, since it becomes mentally associated with sharp points, spikes and slivers of glass. Signifies stability when it rests on its base with the apex pointed upwards. Symbolizes fire and the aspiration of all things toward a higher unity.Curvilinear Circle as a selfcontained form without angles or corners signifies perfection, eternity, a closed universe or the state of oneness. No beginning nor end Represents circular movement. Other curvilinear shape are oval, cylinder and cone. GEOMETRIC SHAPES IN DIFFERENT CULTURES Mandala – geometric shape used as an aid to mental concentration and meditation. Three basic principles: – Center – Symmetry – Cardinal points The c ircle or disc as emblem of the sun, the primal source of light and energy. Yin-Yang signifies the interactive dualism or dialectics.Idea of opposites. Islamic Art Molded tile panel, 13th–14th century lkhanid period; Iran, Nishapur Ceramic with turquoise and cobalt glaze A perfect expression of radiation from a central point, the star is the most popular design element in Islamic art. The six-pointed stars in this pattern are molded with a lotus design from China, an important influence on Islamic art. GEOMETRIC SHAPES IN CONTEMPORARY ART Paul Cezanne advanced the theory that the entire universe can be reduced to three shapes: – sphere, cone, cylinder Mont Sainte-Victoire, 1904-6, Oil on CanvasBridget Riley, â€Å"Pause† 1964 Victor Vasarely, â€Å"Gestalt 4† 1970 BIOMORPHIC SHAPES Biomorphic shapes are derived from living organisms. Some are microscopic and unicellular – amoeba Egg, internal organs, are also biomorphic shapes Leaves, flowers, and fruits are biomorphic shapes of an infinite variety. Shape implies a defining outline, â€Å"form† implies structure as well. Nature in Art Rococo decorative design characterized by floral and plant motifs forming garlands and wreaths. Egyptian column with papyrus leaves for motif.FREE SHAPES Found in painting and sculpture or the visual arts in general as inventions of the artist. They are neither geometric following mathematical definition nor biomorphic following patterns of organic growth and the shapes of living things. Often found in abstract art where they may suggest fantasy and whim. Also related to doodling and automatic writing of Surrealist art which draws images from subconscious level of mind. Joan Miro, â€Å"The Garden† Wassily Kandinsky, â€Å"Composition no. 7† Alexander Calder Cow, 1926 Elephant, 1928

10 Colloquial Terms and Their Meanings

10 Colloquial Terms and Their Meanings 10 Colloquial Terms and Their Meanings 10 Colloquial Terms and Their Meanings By Mark Nichol Why is there a taint surrounding ain’t? Why do editors get ornery or riled, or have conniptions or raise a ruckus, if writers try to use these and other words? The ebb and flow of the English language’s vocabulary is caused by competing crosscurrents. Neologisms come in with each tide, some of them washing ashore and others drifting back out to sea. But pronouncements from self-appointed experts and tacit disapproval by the self-selected better classes can also result in the relegation of certain terms and idioms to the realm of substandard or nonstandard usage. Here are ten words that, at least in terms of one sense, have been demoted by an association with rural dialect. 1. Ain’t: Once a fully legitimate contraction of â€Å"am not† employed at least in familiar conversation by speakers of all social classes, ain’t came to be identified with less well-educated people, and in the United States specifically with poor rural dwellers. It’s unfortunate that in writing, its use is restricted to humorous emphasis or idiomatic expressions (â€Å"Say it ain’t so!†). 2. Allow: The sense of allow meaning â€Å"concede† or â€Å"recognize† has been relegated to obscurity; seldom is this usage employed except in faux-rural contexts. 3. Conniption: This word for an emotional fit, usually appearing in plural form (â€Å"having conniptions†), is still employed occasionally in a jocular sense. It was first attested almost two hundred years ago, but its origin is obscure, though it’s possibly a corruption of corruption, which once had a connotation of anger, or might be derived from a dialectal form of captious (â€Å"fallacious†). 4. Fetch: Fetch has a colloquial air about it, and it’s unfortunate that the word lacks respectability, because it is more vivid and thorough a term than get (â€Å"Could you fetch that for me?†), and more compact than, for example, â€Å"Could you go over there and bring that back for me?† It survives in one formal sense, however: far-fetched (originally, â€Å"brought from afar,† but used figuratively for most of its centuries-long life span). 5. Ornery: This contraction of ordinary, influenced by the latter word’s less common senses of â€Å"coarse† and â€Å"ugly,† developed a connotation of cantankerous or mean behavior. Today, it’s used only in a humorous or scornful sense. 6. Reckon: The sense of reckon that means â€Å"suppose† (â€Å"I reckon I ought to get home†) is one of the most high-profile examples of stereotypical rural dialect, but it’s absent from formal usage. 7. Rile: This dialectal variant of roil, in the sense of â€Å"stir up,† is used informally to describe irritation or anger. 8. Ruckus: Ruckus, probably a mash-up of ruction (â€Å"disturbance†) and rumpus (â€Å"boisterous activity†) themselves both dialectal terms is now used only light-heartedly. 9. Spell: The sense of spell that means â€Å"an indefinite period of time,† related to the use of the word to mean â€Å"substitute,† is confined to rural dialect or affectation of such usage. 10. Yonder: This formerly standard term meaning â€Å"over there† is now known only in rural dialect (or spoofing of it) or in a poetic sense. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Wether, Weather, Whether"Certified" and "Certificated"When to use "an"

Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle - Research Paper Example This essay discusses the Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle, that is aimed for two main functions. First, transport a Marine Corps Rifle Squad from the sea to the shore and second - to provide armor operational capabilities on land. The assault vehicles are transported in ships and can be launched beyond the visual horizon. The visual horizon is the visible limit to detect presence of ships at sea from the shore line. This distance is translated as 25 kilometers as per the planning and development of the program. The supporters of this program argue and justify the flexibility that the assault vehicles provide to the Marines. The over the horizon launch capability provides protection to the amphibious ships till 25 kilometers from the shore. Furthermore, once deployed the vehicles have enough speed to make enemy tracking and defensive measures in the sea difficult. The time to reach the shore has also been shortened. The researcher then concluds that Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle was an ambitious program that provided lethal capabilities and its design matured over years. The program, however, could not prove its reliability and did not come up to the desired standards of the Marine Corps. The in service Amphibious Assault Vehicle has gone through various life extension programs and upgraded over time to meet operational requirement. The termination of the program was a serious setback to the Marine Corps and its replacement must provide with upgraded hardware to cope with the evolving Marine Corps strategy and doctrines.