The Hypothesis Of Cognitive And Literacy Tests At A Young Age

Abstract This study sought to test the hypothesis that Cognitive and Literacy tests at a young age could predict possible learning difficulties in the future. Four tests were taken by 34 participants at the age of 4 followed by a reading test at the age of 7. These results were then analysed in random samples to take into account possible variability. The hypothesis of the study was supported on the most part with the exception of one test which still had a relationship, however limited. Overall this study shows there is a significant relationship between these tests and future reading ability with a possibility, after further research, to help assess the likelihood of learning difficulties later in life. Dyslexia; a learning disorder marked by the inability to recognise and comprehend written and/or spoken word. This crippling disability affects approximately 10% of the Australian population (Dyslexia in Australia. 2014). Low performance on cognitive and literacy tests at an early age has been shown to be a significant predictor of the possibility of future problems and disabilities such as Dyslexia (Gallagher, A., Frith, U., Snowling, M. J., 2003). Reading age deficiency is the difference between Reading age and Chronological age. Comparing a child’s reading ability to their chronological age in relation to other children and the ‘normal’ reading ability at the same age can alert health practitioners to potential problems that can be addressed before they become aShow MoreRelatedAge Has An Effect On Second Language940 Words   |  4 Pagesdegree to which age has an effect on Second Language (L2) speech learning, particularly child-adult differences in L2 phonol ogy acquisition and cross-cultural language similarity.The article has been divided into two parts. In the first section, the article explores two models of teaching and learning, namely, the Critical Period (CP) and Interaction Hypothesis (IH). After assessing both models validities, the researchers adopt the Interactive Hypothesis method to test their hypothesis. According toRead MoreThe Problem Of Children Intelligence Test Scores1653 Words   |  7 Pagesat progressively younger age; because of the concerns about falling behind peers in their later the school aged. However, these early-accelerated preschool programs do not necessarily guarantee future academic success. Even worse, that may cause children’s social and emotional problems in the future (Marcon, 2002). More and more researchers suggest that through engagement in The Vygotskian theory of make-believe play, young children will be on the right track of cognitive development, then masterRead MoreBoehm Test of Basic Concepts–3 Preschool1289 Words   |  6 PagesThe Boehm Test of Basic Concepts–3 Preschool is a norm referenced test designed to assess young children’s understanding of basic relational concepts, such as quality, spatial, temporal, and quantity. This test examines language and cognitive development, as well as later success in school. The B oehm–3 Preschool test is meant for children ages 3 to 5 years and 11 months and is a downward extension of the Boehm Test of Basic Concepts (Graham, in Spies Plake 2005), which evaluates relational knowledgeRead MoreVideo Games Have A Negative Influence On Young People1600 Words   |  7 PagesModern day society often depict video games to have a negative influence on young people. However, playing video games is more beneficial than people would think. Playing video games have many advantages, such as they help increase and develop cognitive functions, mental health, and more often than most they are educational. Gee, James Paul. What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. This book looks at the educational level of what video games have toRead MoreVideo Games Have A Negative Influence On Young People1376 Words   |  6 PagesModern day society often depicts video games to have a negative influence on young people. However, playing video games is more beneficial than people would think. Playing video games has many advantages, such as they help increase and develop cognitive functions, mental health, and more often than most they are educational. Gee, James Paul. What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. This book looks at the educational level of what video games have toRead MoreEducation in South Africa12740 Words   |  51 PagesAfrica was established in the Cape Colony in the late seventeenth century by Dutch Reformed Church elders committed to biblical instruction, which was necessary for church confirmation. In rural areas, itinerant teachers (meesters ) taught basic literacy and math skills. British mission schools proliferated after 1799, when the first members of the London Missionary Society arrived in the Cape Colony. Language soon became a sensitive issue in education. At least two dozen English-language schoolsRead MorePapoer6763 Words   |  28 PagesThe Impact of Music on Language Early Literacy: A Research Summary In Support of Kindermusik’s ABC Music Me The Impact of Music on Language Early Literacy: A Research Summary In Support of Kindermusik’s ABC Music Me Introduction Early childhood classroom teachers believe in the power of music to engage children. What scientifically based research supports the use of music and musical instruction to build early literacy skills? This research summary answers that question, providingRead MoreProblems of Overcrowded Classrooms at Elementary Level2715 Words   |  11 Pages Maria O’Regan ED 7201 Professor O’Connor-Petruso Fall 2011 Table of Contents Abstract X Introduction 3 †¢ Statement of the Problem 4 †¢ Review of Related Literature 5-9 †¢ Statement of the Hypothesis 10 Method X †¢ Participants X †¢ Instruments X †¢ Experimental Design X †¢ Procedure X Results X Discussion X Implications X References 11-13 AppendixRead MoreThe Acquisition Of Language And Speech Development3415 Words   |  14 PagesThe acquisition of language and speech development takes place over a period from birth to around three years of age and in early childhood from the ages of four to six. The development is quick and passes through similar stages in all children not depending on the language that you acquire. The process of language development is therefore universal, namely the development of sounds to words and grammar of the language (Bates and Goodman, 2001). Critical periods of individual development stagesRead MoreMobile Learning7438 Words   |  30 Pagesresearch into current examples of mLearning, this article provides an alternative definition for mobile learning (mLearning) and predicts some characteristics of the future learning environment, including the increased importance of metacognitive and literacy skills. It is proposed that mLearning can provide access, context, collaboration and appeal advantages and additional facilitation measures for facilitators. Finally, a glimpse of the future will be provided including hypothetical examples. Definition

Reflecting On The Course Of Whiles Spending Time - 867 Words

Reflecting on the Course Whiles spending time in thought, our minds often wonder and contemplate all sorts of memorable experiences – good or bad. If we apply structure to our thoughts, we can synthesize ideas and set goals by remembering where we came from, understanding where we are, and committing to where we know we want to be (RUCK). When I apply RUCK two things quickly come to mind; 5E Model and leadership. In effectively engaging students to new ideas, the 5E Model provides a systematic process to improve understanding and self-development. The explore and explain phases of the model develop students and set the conditions for a much deeper and richer learning process, while lending them the ability to extend their newly learned skills through application. Furthermore, without a fundamentally sound leader to guide students through the 5E Model process, the desired results would be less attainable. At any rate, Dr. Duffy’s leadership attributes extend well be yond the classroom. He no doubt develops and leads others with successful results, while having positively influenced all learners. 5E Model The 5E Model is a method of teaching that develops learners through deep thought and application. My personal belief on education is that students know the content when they can answer questions appropriately. They understand it when they can write about it and verbally articulate it through professional dialogue. The third step being application, means theyShow MoreRelatedLeisure Time Is An Important Tool Of Social Control1307 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Leisure time itself can be defined in many ways. According to Cordes (2003), â€Å"the meaning of leisure varies among cultures and that there is little agreement about its meaning and implications†¦ some see leisure as freedom from work, while others view it as an important tool of social control or a symbol of one’s status†. We have all experienced leisure in our lifetime. We have all taken part in activities we deem fun, exciting, or relaxing. The purpose of reflecting upon the various waysRead MoreThe Great Recession Of 20081123 Words   |  5 Pagescutbacks in consumer spending. This loss of consumption, combined with the financial market chaos triggered by the bursting of the bubble, also led to a collapse in business investment. As consumer spending and business investment dried up, massive job loss followed. In 2008 and 2009, the U.S. labor market lost 8.4 million jobs, or 6.1% of all payroll employment. (The Great Recession, n.d.) †¢ Fiscal policy is the use of government revenue (taxes) and expenditure (spending) to influence the economyRead MoreA Study On The Collaboration Process1529 Words   |  7 Pageswas hard to often see the impact that we were having on the community. A lot of other groups were actively engaged, while we were sitting behind a computer screen, creating specialized planning charts to plan out and prep for the future semesters. As important as we knew that this was, it was often hard to accept this and feel as if we were doing something that was important. Every time when we would have a meeting, I would feel as if I was two steps behind, even when I had prepared more than I feltRead MoreEssay about Women, Sports and Stereotypes912 Words   |  4 Pagesthe movies, she is a young tomboy. The figures of Jess in Bend It Like Beckham or Monica in Love and Basketball are remarkably similar as children. They both wear boyish clothes, shun typically girly clothing, and prefer to spend t heir time with boys. Of course, the movies make it amply clear that these girls only want to play sports with the boys – they have no sexual interest in them. In Bend It Like Beckham, for example, Jess is clearly contrasted with the other Indian girls who watch the localRead MoreEngage in Personal Development in Health, Social Care or Children’s and Young People’s Settings.1450 Words   |  6 PagesMaking patients comfortable ââ€" ª Keeping patient records ââ€" ª Administering treatments to patients 2. Explain expectations about our work role as expressed in relevant standards. Our job is basically related to a job description, but while that tells us what we need to do, it does not usually tell us how we need to do it. To find that out, we need to look at the Standards that apply to own work. Standards, as with Codes of Practice, will vary depending on the UK country in which we workRead MorePersonal Success Plan Essay1139 Words   |  5 Pagesdesigned to encourage the therapists to examine themselves in four areas to define their strengths and weakness. These skills were limited to only a few institutes in the earlier practices however have expanded throughout the years. While reading this article I took the time to examine my skills using the theoretical framework of the POTT training model. The first step involved the therapist being aware of personal challenges. In my career in the mental health field, my personal challenges includedRead MoreComparison1459 Words   |  6 Pageswilling to please even the hardest pallets. No matter what time of the year you go, everywhere you look around they are families with their children playing around in the different parks and play area set around. Friends catching up drinking beer and lovers walking along the river. If you are worried about where you are going to stay, Vail offers hotels that vary from any price range, hosting the famously known Four Seasons and of course it very owns Vail tradition the Sonnenalp Hotel. Vail isRead MoreThe Human Development Index Is Vast Improvement on Measures of Development in Terms of Income1058 Words   |  5 PagesThe critical difference between most development models and human development index is that most development models exclusively focus on the expansion of income while the human development index embraces embraces the enlargement of all human choices – economic, political, social and cultural which all affect income. Comparing countries’ GNP (or GDP) per capita is the most common way of assessing their level of development. This model of economic growth was based on a very weak foundation that wasRead MoreUrbanization And Housing : The Impact Of Urbanization On Housing934 Words   |  4 Pagesremaining ones (Malik and Wahid, 2014). The urbanization cannot be stopped because no country can afford to have a break in the growth of economic development. The issues and problems of housing would continue to grow if they are not tackled properly on time. The high population levels create more and more demand for the provision of adequate housing in urban areas (Malik and Wahid, 2014). The continuing growth and expansion of the urban centre led to wide gap between housing supply and demand (UN-HabitatRead MoreBenefits Of A Healthy Cash Surplus On Hand1417 Words   |  6 Pagesdividing the total revenue by the current assets. Like the liquidity current ratio, the current asset turnover of Chesapeake Health Plans has a similar ratio of 3.8 times for both years. Their ratio in 2009 was reflected in the total revenue of $361.1 million divided by the current assets of $95.5 million, giving a ratio of 3.8 times. This ratio also fell below the median number as well as significantly under the upper quartile. Chesapeake Health Plans asset management ratios are a clear representation

My Personal Career Plan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 512 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/03/11 Category Career Essay Level High school Tags: Career Plan Essay Did you like this example? Database from the Engineers Board of Kenya Database from the Engineers Board of Kenya shows that there are 1,848 registered professional engineers, 393 registered consulting engineers and 12,130 graduate engineers. This highlights the critical need for capacity building and knowledge transfer to the younger generation of professionals in the engineering practice with requisite skills to develop well trained personnel to successfully manage the sector. I aim to be a registered professional engineer within the next three years, thus, facilitate and provide experiential training to graduate engineers on road design, construction, rehabilitation, maintenance, and contract administration aspects of projects through mentorship and supervisory roles.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "My Personal Career Plan" essay for you Create order The skills will also be applicable in increasing mobility and enhancing connectivity between resources, processing points and terminal markets especially in Kenya’s Expansion of Roads Programme aimed to construct and rehabilitate national and county roads network. This will go a long way in achieving sustainable national development through adequately trained professionals. There is demand to research and develop cost effective road construction and maintenance alternatives to the traditional methods and materials. Kenya is one of the countries identified by DFID funded African Community Access Programme (AfCAP) to deliver safe and sustainable access to rural communities through developing new design standards for low volume sealed roads. The skills acquired from my proposed study would equip me with the ability to promote uptake and update of research findings amongst road practitioners, collaborate and partner in transport research within the region and innovate home grown solutions for our local pavements. This will lay the foundation for deliberate efforts and cost effective operations in developing improved designs and standards for road construction and maintenance to support the country’s socio economic development. According to Economic Survey 2018, road projects across the country have breached ideal cost ceilings. I aspire to serve an advisory role to the national government on key urban transport issues and in developing policy recommendations. This will involve undertaking research and formulating policy alternatives. My first objective would be developing an urban form framework that encourages the use of public transport and non-motorised modes of travel which will have the effect of reducing reliance on personal motor vehicles. This will reduce congestion and vehicle emissions as we integrate sustainable development goal (SDG). My second objective would be creating a shift towards transit oriented development that integrates land use and transport planning through development around public transport stations and terminals. This will involve working with senior officials from concerned agencies and departments to create a unified transport and land use plan for metropolitan areas. The UK will be funding the development of Lamu Port city master plan bringing in urban planners, environmental experts and infrastructure planners. I hope to be among the team working on the cities that will benefit from the Ksh 8 billion modernisation fund. Conclusion Ultimately, I desire to be in charge of implementing road policies in relation to national roads and planning the development and maintenance of national roads. This would be highly relevant to Kenya as we are undergoing massive infrastructural development for achievement of Kenya’s development blueprint Vision 2030.

Why Are Professors Liberal, And Why Do Conservatives Care

Why are professors liberal, and why do conservatives care? This question has been dancing in the background of American academia for decades, and yet almost no one has acknowledged its significance. People from all positions on the political spectrum seem to have accepted this reality to some extent, but what does it mean for education today? Neil Gross conducted a series of research experiments over the course of seven years, discovering the bases for this claim and the implications it holds for educators and students. His publication of Why Are Professors Liberal and Why Do Conservatives Care? offers an in-depth examination and analysis of professional politics on college-campuses, giving its readers a new answer to an old question.†¦show more content†¦Gross and a colleague of his, Solon Simmons, enacted a study to update previously conducted research to modern standards (pp. 34-41). They examined preferences, values, and historical tendencies. The results led to Grossâ⠂¬â„¢s creation of the â€Å"political identity† approach for academics that he relies on throughout the remainder of his book (p.39). He found the majority of professors, in reality, did identify with the left side of the political spectrum. However, this taxonomy can be further broken down. Marxists, progressives, and centrist-democrats all account for the larger label of â€Å"democrat,† with most of them belonging to the progressive category. This liberalism, by American standards, is more lenient toward change and social equality. Why does this liberal concentration exist and what does it mean for students? These questions are inspected from outside perspectives in the second chapter. Researchers proposed four main hypotheses to clarify these circumstances. Pierre Bourdieu studied Parisian school faculties, concluding that their political tendencies were dependent upon their position class structure (p.69). While this had some weight in Europe, American politics w ere not so easily explained. Next, Steven Brint examined that perhaps the large amount of time spent in upper-level education institutions by professors leads to their liberalism (p.79). There was much empirical support for this claim until it was understood that people do not becomeShow MoreRelatedU.s. Immigration And Border Security1007 Words   |  5 PagesKiana Thiesfeld Professor June Trudel Political Science 102 9 July 2015 U.S. Immigration; Border Security This research will address U.S. immigration, specifically border security. I will evaluate liberal and conservative views on this issue and then present my own ideas. The main view for liberals on border security is to pardon those who enter the U.S. illegally, including undocumented immigrants. This view believes that regardless of a person’s status in the U.S., they should have the same rightsRead MoreDonald Trump s Views On Politics1041 Words   |  5 PagesLauren Crimmins Professor Drugan ENC 1101-114 October 14, 2016 Donald Trump has not shied away from voicing his opinions on politics. Many of his ideas and actions have led people to wonder if he truly is a conservative or not. Over the years, it seems that Donald Trump’s political ideology has shifted with time. During the late 1990’s, he left behind the Republican Party to join the Reform Party. However, within the next couple of years, Donald Trump has once again shifted his views back to oneRead MorePersonal Narrative : My Political Identity1242 Words   |  5 PagesMyles Porter Professor Rick Armstrong English 12 12 October 2016 My Political Identity Confessing one s political identity in 2016 truly embodies the phrase â€Å"walking on eggshells†. Whether you’re a liberal or conservative, owning up to your political resolutions sometimes comes with some intense backlash. In this years’ presidential election we have an intense candidate with very radical views, and if you don t know who I’m talking about you should probably move from the rock you are livingRead MoreThe Politics Of The Media873 Words   |  4 Pagesshow of hands how many people in here have heard the terms: left wing and right wing? Some people understand that it is political jargon for political division, others may be staring at their television wondering why the news is talking about bird anatomy. Many people hear these terms, but do not understand what they mean. I myself was one of those who did not understand, not a bird enthusiast, but one who was in the dark about what the terms meant. This was until a year and a half ago when our bigRead MoreDifferent Hypothesis that Variation in Homelessness1165 Words   |  5 PagesIn this article, Jennifer Mosley and Colleen Grogan, professors at The University of Chicago, concludes that the more public participation in administrative decision making in different urban areas is an important target in majority of public organizations. The author states that many public agencies develop different strategies on who should be able to participate in open decision making. The strategies determined how they will prevent different type of biases. Often leaders of the nonprofit organizationsRead MoreDecrypting Politics2558 Words   |  11 Pagesthe economy. Laura Stoker, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, created a graph (Figure 1) that separates people’s political standing based on their views of state intervention in private life and the economy (The Charles and Louise Travers Department of Political Science University of California, Berkeley). T his description allows individuals to compare and contrast the different political views of people. However, there is more to the conservative label than just the group ofRead MoreWorking Women the Pros and Cons1283 Words   |  6 PagesStereotypes and histrionics do not last for long. With changing times, even Gender Stereotypes and Gender Based Histrionics are being forced to undergo a change. For centuries together, man has been the breadwinner of the family, sweating it out in the sun, dealing with unknown people and risking his life at times while the woman used to take care of the family and dealing mostly with known people in a closed and safe environment. Slowly the woman started moving out and started to work, howeverRead MoreThe Framers Of The Constitution Essay1797 Words   |  8 Pagesfree speech and the discussion of ideas. While universities in Europe became less and less free, cowering to political correctness, American universities fiercely debated every major issue that faced the country. Most importantly though, liberals and conservatives, Democrats and Republicans, Atheists and Christians, all believed in the spread of ideas, and free expression. However, while our institutions of higher learning remain significantly freer than their European counterparts, that reputationRead More Editorial Review for Bias Essay2567 Words   |  11 Pagesto the media for reporting from a leftist perspective, preventing the audience from receiving an objective, unbiased view of what really goes on in our world. As an â€Å"old-fashioned liberal,† as he calls himself, he does not attempt to gain conservative support for accusing libe rals of bias. Rather, he would prefer liberal support for acknowledging this problem in hopes of changing the face of news. He bases his book on his personal experience as a former news anchor for CBS. Despite popular beliefRead MoreExplain The Effects Of Family On Ones Political Values1171 Words   |  5 PagesFundamental Values Describe what a democracy is and why it is significant. A democracy is a system of government where the people have the opportunity to have a say in important governmental processes. For instance, in a democracy, one has the privilege to directly vote on key public officials. This can be seen in presidential elections, state elections, etc. A democracy is significant because it protects the interests of the people, and allows citizens to feel a sense of authority in the nation’s

Is Speaking the Most Difficult Skill Free Essays

Is speaking the most difficult skill? In my opinion it is hard to say. It depends on the age of the speaker, his level of English, how long is he learning and also what kind of English does he operates (possess). There is a big difference between a student of a university where he is studying English and a person (e. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Speaking the Most Difficult Skill? or any similar topic only for you Order Now g. at the same age) who knows English from some courses. So that is why I am not sure about question whether is speaking the most difficult skill. From my own experience I would say that speaking is maybe at the same level as listening. But I think that listening is little bit more difficult than speaking because when you are speaking, you have some time to thing about the vocabulary, to choose the right word and what is the most important, if you are not able to find the right word (or you do not know how to say it in English) you can use circumlocution, describe the word but also the listener can help you in some way. Whereas in listening there are not so many possibilities how to understand the meaning. There are not so many ways how to help yourself. Mr. Brown says that ,,spoken language does indeed contain a good deal of redundancy, it also has many reduced forms†¦Ã¢â‚¬  That is why (in my opinion) is listening more difficult. Person who is on the elementary or intermediate level is not able to understand reduced forms in the stream of sounds (speech) like I’ll /ail/, you’d /youd/ etc. He does not understand what does â€Å"ail† mean. He knows only â€Å"I will†. But when speaker say ,,I will† not â€Å"I’ll† there is no mistake. Another example why speaking is not the most difficult (while listening is) is because of ,,the rephrasings, repetitions, elaborations and little insertions of ? I mean? and ? you know? etc. † (Brown). This means that using of these â€Å"empty† phrases is not obligatory for the speaker. Of course the speech is more natural by using these phrases. On the other hand, these â€Å"empty† phrases may cause to listener-beginner some problems in understanding although sometimes they can help to be fixed (oriented) in given information. There is also another reason why listening is more difficult that speaking. Let us take the speed of the speech. Many people who were abroad (Great Britain, USA†¦) say that they had problems with listening comprehension for first one or two months. Every native has his own speed of speaking (which is sometimes quite fast) and I am not speaking about dialect or accent. Person who is listening to native can have problems to catch some word or even meaning. But in speaking it is easier. It does not matter which kind of speed you are speaking or which kind of accent do you have. Native or non-native will understand what are you talking about At the end I would say that the most important is that we can not separate listening from speaking and speaking from listening. Both are difficult (more than reading and writing) but according to my opinion and my experience, speaking is not the most difficult skill. I think that listening is the most difficult. How to cite Is Speaking the Most Difficult Skill?, Essay examples

Ectasy And Addiction Essay Example For Students

Ectasy And Addiction Essay Club Drugs: Ecstasy In developing prevention efforts that target young people, prevention managers must design strategies to counter the increasing use and widespread availability of the club drug Ecstasy. Known as the party drug, Ecstasy is both a stimulant and a hallucinogen, and its effects are potentially life-threatening. Because it is inexpensive and easily accessible, Ecstasy is gaining in popularity. As reported in the Monitoring the Future Study (National Institute on Drug Abuse NIDA 1999), 3.6 percent of 12th graders, 3.3 percent of 10th graders, and 1.8 percent of 8th graders said they had used the drug in 1998. From 1991 through 1998, use by college students increased from 0.9 percent to 2.4 percent and by adults, from 0.8 percent to 2. 1 percent (NIDA, Facts About MDMA, 2000). What Is Ecstasy? Ecstasy is the street name for methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a chemical substance that combines methamphetamines with hallucinogenic properties. It is also known as X-TC, Adam, Clarity, and Lovers Speed. Like all club drugs, Ecstasy is a combination of other illicit drugs. Because many different recipes are used to make Ecstasy, the risk of death and permanent brain damage are heightened when some substances are combined. It is available in tablet, capsule, or powder form; some manufacturers of the drug package it in capsules or generic tablets to imitate prescription drugs. The average cost is between $7 and $30 per pill. Among the variations of the drug is a new substance, Herbal Ecstasy, that is composed of ephedrine (ma huang) or pseudoephedrine and caffeine from the kola nut. Sold in tablet form, this drug may cause permanent brain damage and death (NIDA, Club Drugs: Just the Facts, 2000). What Side Effects Are Produced by Ecstasy? Ecstasys effects can last up to 24 hours. The drug produces immediate side effects, and somesuch as confusion, depression, sleep problems, anxiety, and paranoiacan occur weeks after it is taken (NIDA, Community Drug Alert Bulletin on Club Drugs, 2000). Because Ecstasy alters serotonin levels in the brain, researchers have found that chronic use can lead to long-term or permanent damage to those parts of the brain critical to thought, memory, and pleasure (NIDA, Facts About MDMA, 2000). Psychological Effects Psychological effects are confusion, depression, sleep problems, severe anxiety and paranoia, euphoria, enhanced mental and emotional clarity, hallucinations, sensations of lightness and floating, depression, paranoid thinking, and violent, irrational behavior. Physical Effects Physical effects are muscle tension, involuntary teeth clenching, nausea, blurred vision, faintness, chills/sweating, dehydration, hypertension, loss of control over voluntary body movements, tremors, reduced appetite, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke, seizure, and malignant hyperthermia (increase in body temperature).

Effects of Early girl child marriage free essay sample

Today child marriage are fairly wide spread in developing areas of the world, especially in Africa, South Asia, South east and East Asia, West Asia, Latin America and Oceania. The incidence rates of child marriage have been falling in most parts of the world. The five nations with the highest observed rates of child marriages in the world, below THE AGE OF 18, ARE Niger, Chad, Mali, Bangladesh and Guniea. The top three nations with greater than 20% rates of child marriages below the age of 15 are Niger, Bangladesh and Guniea. As many as 1 in 3 girls in developing areas of the world are married before reaching the age of 18 and in estimated 1 in 9 girls in developing countries are married by age of 15. One of the most common causes of death for girls 15 to 19 in developing countries was pregnancy and child birth comparing these statistical facts to rate of early marriage in Nigeria, shows that the practice is not as rampant there, as other parts of Africa and the world that practice it in Nigeria, it still takes place in some pats of the country especially the Northern parts and this according to survey is still one of the major factors feeling poverty in Nigeria. In early child marriage, a girl child is being pressured or sometimes forced into marriage. Child marriages are viewed within a context of force and coercion, involving pressure and emotional blackmail, and children that lack the choice or capacity to give their full consent Osward L. (2009), it is relevant to study the major causes and effects of early marriage in order to enlighten people about the dangers in contracting such marriages where girls involved are not matured to carry out family responsibilities but were still pushed into marriage due to one reason or the other. This seminar paper aims at study a topic which is seen as a social problem in contemporary Nigeria Society. In the course of study. We will try to expantiate on the historical background of early child marriage, causes, effects and recommendations which will positively help in the reduction of early child marriage rate in Nigeria. DEFINITION According To UNICEP(2011) Child marriage is defined as a formal or informal union or marriage before the age of 18. While child marriage affects both sexes, girls are disproportionately affected as they are the majority of the victims. Child marriage is now widely recognized as a result of the practice the child bride is often deprived of her basic right to health, education, development and equality. Tradition, religion and poverty continue to fuel the practice of child marriage, despite its strong association with adverse reproductive health outcomes and the lack of education of girls. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF EARLY GIRL CHILD MARRIAGE Before modern history child marriage was a common practice found everywhere in the world. With the advent of 20th century, the practice began to be questioned, discouraged by a majority but not all governments and child marriage practice has been declining across the world. In ancient and medieval societies, girls would be bethrothed at / or before puberty. In Greece, early wedding and early motherhood for girls was encouraged (nancy demand 1994). In ancient Rome girls married above the age 12. In the middle ages, under English civil laws that was derived from Roman laws, marriage before the age 16 were common, in imperial child marriage was the norm, according to Zhaoiz (1997) Most religions, over history influenced the marriageable age, for example Christian ecelestiastical law forbade marriage of a girl before the age of 10, because sharia law is based in part on the life and practices of muhammed the prophet. COMPARISON OF EARLY CHILD MARRIAGE (BY) AFRICAN REGION According to UNICEF, African ha the highest incidence rates of child marriage, with over 70% of girls is marrying under the ages of 18. This report is based on data that was derived from a small sample survey between 1995 and 2004. In morocco, child marriage is a common practice, in 2013, Nigeria attempted to change section 29, subsection on 4 of its laws and thereby prohibit child marriages. This was opposed by Islamic States of Nigeria, who called any attempts to prohibit early child marriage â€Å"Un- Islamic†. Christianity and Islam are practiced by roughly equal percentage of its population respectively and the country continues with personal laws from its British Colonial era laws, where child marriages are forbidden for its Christians and allowed for its Muslims. CAUSES OF EARLY GIRL CHILD MARRIAGE In Nigeria, which is currently facing economic difficulties and political instability age at marriage has barely risen, and in the north of the country the average age has fallen since 1990. In West Africa, as a whole a recent UNICEF study shows that economic hardship is encouraging a rise in early marriage, even among some population groups that do not normally practice it. Men are postponing marriage because of lack of resources, and parents have become anxious about the danger of their daughters becoming pregnant outside marriage. Thus any early opportunity for marriage may be seized upon pressures from child-related social stress such as increasing child slavery and trafficking, rising numbers of children on the streets, very young prostitutes and labourers, and high levels of child neglect ad abandonment, are believed to have put early child marriage on the rise. Families in refugee camps in Burundi, for example, protect their honour by marrying their daughters off as early as possible. Reports from Irag indicate that early marriage is rising there in response to poverty inflicted by the post- Gulf war, sanctions, and in Afghaqnistan, war and militarization have led to an increased number of forced marriage of young girls. Other pressure can promote early marriage in societies understress. Fear of HIV infection, for example, has encouraged men in some African contries to seek youg virgin, and therefore uninfected partners. Early marriage is one way to ensure that a wife is â€Å"protected† , or placed firmly under male control, that she is submissive to her husband and works hard for her in-laws’ household, that the children she bears are â€Å"legitimate†, and that bonds of affection between couples do not undermine the family unit. Parents may genuinegly feel that their daughters will be better off and safer with a regular male guardian. Inn conflict – northern Uganda for example , some families marry their young daughters to militia members in order to defend family honour or secure â€Å"protection† for themselves and the girl. One important impetus for marrying girls at an early age is that it helps prevent premarital sex. Many societies prize virginity before marriage and this can manifest itself in a number of practices designed to â€Å" protect† a girl from unsactioned sexual activity . other practices are also carried out to â€Å"control† e. g in North – East Africa and parts of the middle East in particular the practice of female genital mutiliation (FGM) – surgically restricting entry to the vagina or removing the clitoris, to restrict sexual pleasure and temptation. These practices are all intended to shield the girl from male sexual intention, but in the eyes of concerned parents, marriage is seen to offer the ultimate â€Å"protective† measure. EFFECTS OF EARLY GIRL CHILD MARRIAGE Young girls may endure misery as a result of early marriage and he number of those who would seek help, if they though it existed, is possible to calculate. One thing is clear, the impact or effect of early girl child marriage is under ranging. Within a rights perspective, three key aspects are:? The denial of childhood and adolescence. ? The curtailment of personal freedom and the lack of opportunity to develop a full sense of selfhood as well as the denial of psychosocial and emotional well-being, reproductive health and educational opportunity. Early marriage also has implications for the well-being of families, and for society as a whole, where girls are uneducated and ill-prepared for their roles as mothers and contributors to the society. The next few paragraphs will give a more inndepth insight into same of the effects. PSYCHOSOCIAL EFFECT The loss of adolescence, the forced sexual relations and the denial of freedom and personal development attendant on early marriage have profound psychosocial and emotional consequences. Most girls who are unhappy in an imposed marriage are very isolated. They have nobody to talk to as they are surrounded by people who endorse their situation. In Ethiopia, inter-African committee researches were struck by the lack of interest from elders in the traumas suffered by young girls as a result of early marriages, premature sex and child bearing. These traumas were regarded as an â€Å"unavoidable part of life† girls who run home to their parents may be beaten and sent back to their husbands. Distress is generally endured in silence. The child bride who is widowed at a yong age can suffer (social inequities). Widows suffer loss of status and they, along with their children, are often denied property rights, and a range of other human rights. In parts of Africa, Nigeria inclusive, a widow is remarried to a brother-in-law to provide economic and social support. If the widow resists, she may be cast out by the family. Child widows with little education and no means of earning are especially powerless. ADOLESCENT HEALTH AND REPRODUCTION The risks of early pregnancy and child birth are well documented increased like mortality. Increase risk of premature labour, complications during delivery low birth, weight, and a higher chance that the newborn will not survive pregnancy related deaths are the leading cause of mortality for 15-19 year old girls worldwide. Mothers in this age group face a 20 to 100 percent greater chance of dying in pregnancy than women aged 20 to 24 some specific local studies show worse outcomes for the very young mother in Zaria, Nigeria, national mortalities among women. Younger than 16 was found to be six times higher than for women aged 20 – 24 and similar findings have been reported from high rates of vesico – vagita fistula (VVF) are clearly, dentified with marriage and child bearing in the 10-15 year old age group. Mothers whose pelvis and birth canal are not fully developed often endure very prolonged labour. Unless the mother receives emergency obstetric care, relentless pressure from the baby’s skull can damage the birth canal, causing breakages in the wall, allowing uncontrollable leakage from the bladder in the vagina. The prevalence of VVF is not fully known, but WHO the world health organization estimates that there are two million women living with fistulas and an additional 50,000,000,000 new cases every year, many of which go in treated. In Nigeria , where the condition affects around 150,000 women, 80 -90 percent of wives with V V F are divorced by their husbands. Infant mortality rate, denial of education are results of early pregnancy in young mothers of early pregnancy in young mothers. The UK working group on forced marriage found that many of the victims of this practice suffered from prolonged domestic violence, but felt unable to leave the marriage because of economic pressures, lack of family support and other social circumstances. Most available information on violent abuse is anecdotal consisting of interviews with girls who have suffered trauma as a result of their marriages. A study in Jordan, published in 2000 found that 26 percent of reported cases of domestic violence were committed against wives under 18. Early marriage is often linked to wife abandonment as shown by its association with divorce and separation. Violent behavior towards a wife, including coercive sex, plays a major role in marital breakdown. Divorce or abandonment often plunges a woman into poverty, as she usually assumes sole responsibilities for dependent children. If she married young is under-educated and has few income generating skills, her poverty may be acute. In Mexico, young mothers are six times more likely to be living in poverty that those who postponed childbearing. This early marriage contributes to the â€Å"Feminization of Poverty† and its resulting impact on children. RECOMMENDATIONS PREVENTION AND CONTROL. Knowing the cause of early girl child marriage, we can say it can be prevented and controlled through the following. ? Better health care system for all citizen, affordability and accessibility of education in areas which early girl child marriage is predominant. ? Elimination of gender gaps in school enrollment. ? Massive enlightenment campaign on family planning and giving birth to he number if children one can cater for. ? Public awareness should be created, about the dangers inherent in child marriages as a violation of girls human appropriate legislations put in place to punish offenders ? Advocacy NURSING IMPLICATION 1. ADVOCACY Nurses an serve as advocates for victims or young girls who are about to be forced into marriage . 2. HEALTH EDUCATION Nurses can give health talk on family planning to couples to only give birth to children they can cater for, so as to reduce the prevalence of early child marriage. 3. COUNSELING Nurses can serve as counselors to victims. They can assist them to come out of their problems and help them to make decisions that would be of benefit to them and children, if any. 4. SUPPORT GROUP Women or girls who have gone through or experienced early child marriage can form a group to give moral support to one another. SUMMARY Definition of early child marriage, rates of practice in developing countries including Nigeria, how early child marriage came to be and the rate in reduction over time, have all been analyzed. Also, we made comparison of early child marriage in Nigeria with morocco as a country in Africa and how it is practiced mostly by Islamic states compared to Christianity. The causes of early child marriage as well as its effect was duely emphasized on as these are the main contents of the practice. They are wide ranging and impactful on either the decrease or increase in incidents rate of early child marriage. Some of the causes and effects we mentioned are poverty, protection of child, denial of education, pregnancy and child birth complications amongst others. Finally, we gave our recommendations to preventions and control of this practice which is killing innocent girls and rubbing most of them off their future, and the future of Nigeria. CONCLUSION The imposition of a marriage partner on children or adolescents who are in no way ready for marriage and who marriage will deprive of freedom opportunity for personal development and other rights including health and well being, education and participation in civic life, nullifies the meaning of the core protection for those concerned unless measures are taken to address early marriage , it will remain a major stumbling block to the achievement of human rights. This seminar is intended merely as a starting point, drawing more attention to a practice that has been neglected by both women and children’s right campaigners in recent decades. It is hoped that it will provide an incentive for a campaign to prevent early marriage and end the silent misery of millions of girls in many countries around the world, to open up new horizons for them, and contributes to the development of politics programmes and advocacy to bring this about or to reality. REFERENCES A CHOICE BY RIGHT: the Report of the working group on forced marriage (2000), UK Government, home office. Abrahams I. (2005) Jewish life in the middle age root ledge (183-189) Angela H. (2001) early marriage: child spouses. The innocent digests (7) 10-14. Ayres, B. Drummond (2000), marriages advised in some youth pregnancies, New York times. Black Maggie (2000) growing up alone: The hidden cost of poverty, UNICEF UK. Causes of early child marriage, retrieved from: www. Forwarduk. org. uk Child marriage retrieved from : en. m. wikipedia org/wikil CRIN, Rabat (2011) Morrocco: underage marriages increase. Definition of child marriage, retrieved from: ww. ask. com Ini eicott (2013) Nigeria : Senate denies child marriage wrong doings, says law may be revisited . All Africa premium times. Mensah, Barbara S. Judith Bruce and Margaret S. Greene (2002) The uncharted passage: Girls Adolescence in the developing world, the population Council, New work. UNICEF (2000), Personal communication, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic UNICEF (2011_ child marriage Zhao Z. (2001) Demographic system in historic CLMA, Australian Population Association 14 (2) 201 232